Climate change, coupled with insufficient and irregular rains, led to a decline in the productivity of Ivorian cocoa production. The present study aimed to screen three cocoa ( Theobroma cacao L.) genotypes in order to evaluate their response to water stress at callus and somatic embryos induction and proliferation stages. Staminode and petal explants of the genotypes C1, C14 and C16 from the collection of National Center of Agronomic Research (CNRA) of Ivory Coast, were placed on medium DKW (Driver & Kuniyuki Walnut) in the presence of different concentrations of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 g/l). This polymer was used as osmoticum to stimulate water stress. Data were recorded for callus induction frequency, callus fresh weight, embryogenic callus percentage and average number of somatic embryos. The results obtained showed that intensity of callus proliferation decreased with increasing concentration of PEG 6000. In all genotypes tested, only the petal explants underwent somatic embryogenesis. The induction rates and average number of somatic embryos per explant were reduced with the increase in the concentration of PEG 6000. Among the tested genotypes, C1 produced somatic embryos with all concentrations of PEG 6000 and expressed highest frequencies of induction (62%) and average number of somatic embryos per explant (6.22). This genotype would be the most tolerant to water stress. Somatic embryos obtained with high concentrations of PEG 6000 in this study provide an important basis for the selection and further production of water stress-tolerant varieties of cocoa.
Guillou, C., Fillodeau, A., Brulard, E., Breton, D., Maraschin, S., De Faria, V.D. and Simon Mand Ducos, J.P. (2018) Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis of Theobroma cacao L. in Liquid Medium and Improvement of Embryo-to-Plantlet Conversion Rate. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology—Plant, 54, 377-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-018-9909-y
ICCO (2015) Production of Cocoa Beans. Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, 7, 1.
Mishra, V. and Cherkauer, K.A. (2010) Retrospective Droughts in the Crop Growing Season: Implications to Corn and Soybean Yield in the Midwestern United States. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150, 1030-1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.04.002
Lambers, H., Chapin, F.S. and Pons, T.L. (2008) Plant Physiological Ecology. 2nd Edition, Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78341-3
IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Vol. 1009, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Walter, J., Nagy, L., Hein, R., Rascher, U., Beierkuhnlein, C., Willner, E. and Jentsch, A. (2011) Do Plants Remember Drought? Hints towards a Drought-Memory in Grasses. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 71, 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.10.020
Saepudin, A., Khumaida, N., Sopandie, D. and Ardie, S.W. (2017) In Vitro Selection of Four Soybean Genotypes Using PEG for Drought Tolerance. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia, 45, 14-22. https://doi.org/10.24831/jai.v45i1.13749
Sakthivelu, G., Akitha Devi, M.K., Giridhar, P., Rajasekaran, T., Ravishankar, G.A., Nedev, T. and Kosturkova, G. (2008) Drought-Induced Alterations in Growth, Osmotic Potential and in Vitro Regeneration of Soybean Cultivars. General Applied and Plant Physiology, 34, 103-112.
Larkin, P.J. and Scowcroft, W.R. (1981) Somaclonal Variation—A Novel Source of Variability from Cell Cultures for Plant Improvement. Theoretical Applied Genetics, 60, 197-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02342540
Maximova, S.N., Young, A., Pishak, S. and Guiltinan, M.J. (2008) Field Performance of Theobroma cacao L. Plants Propagated via Somatic Embryogenesis. In Vitro Cellular Development Biology—Plant, 44, 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-008-9130-5
Boutchouang, R.P., Akitio, O.F.Z., Tchouatcheu, A.G.N. and Niemenak, N. (2016) Influence of the Position of Flowers Buds on the Tree on Somatic Embryogenesis of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 8, 7-16. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJGMB2016.0247
Kouassi, M.K., Kahia, J., Kouame, N.C. and Mathias Tahi, G. (2017) Comparing the Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Callus and Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Four Elite Theobroma cacao L. Genotypes. Hortscience, 52, 142-145. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI11092-16
Kouassi, K.M., Manlé, T.E., Koné, D., Soumahoro, A.B., Koné, T., Koffi, E.K. and Koné, M. (2017) Effect of Antioxidants on the Callus Induction and the Development of Somatic Embryogenesis of Cocoa [Theobroma cacao (L.)]. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 11, 25-30.
Muhammad, H., Khan, S.A., Shinwari, Z.K., Khan, A.L., Ahmad, N. and In-Jung, L. (2010) Effect of Polyethylene Glycol Induced Drought Stress on Physio-Hormonal Attributes of Soybean. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42, 977-986.
Khodarampour, Z. (2011) Effect of Drought Stress Induced by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) on Germination Indices in Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrids. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 18222-18227. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.2639
Sunaryo, W., Darnaningsih, D. and Nurhasanah, N. (2019) Selection and Regeneration of Purple Sweet Potato Calli against Drought Stress Simulated by Polyethylene Glycol. F1000 Research, 8, 10. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16993.1
Wani, S.H., Sofi, P.A., Gosal, S.S. and Singh, N.B. (2010) In Vitro Screening of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Callus for Drought Tolerance. Communications in Biometry and Crop Science, 5, 108-115.
Skirvin, R.M. (1978) Natural and Induced Variations in Tissue Culture. Euphytica, 27, 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00039141
Scowcroft, W.R. and Larkin, P.J. (1982) Somaclonal Variation: A New Option for Plant Improvement. In: Vasil, K., Scowcroft, W.R. and Mey, K., Eds., Plant Improvement and Somatic Cell, Academic, New York, 159-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-714980-6.50013-9
Driver, J.A. and Kuniyuki, A.H. (1984) In Vitro Propagation of Paradox Walnut Root Stock. HortScience, 19, 507-509.
Kaufman, M.R. and Eckard, A.N. (1971) Evaluation of Water Stress Control with PEG by Analysis of Guttation. Plant Physiology, 47, 453-458. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.47.4.453
Biswas, J., Chowdhury, B., Bhattacharya, A. and Mandal, A.B. (2002) In Vitro Screening for Increased Drought Tolerance in Rice. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology, 38, 525-530. https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2002342
Abdel-Ghany, H.M., Nawar, A.A., Ibrahim, M.E., El-Shamarka, A., Selim, M.M. and Fahmi, A.I. (2004) Using Tissue Culture to Select for Drought Tolerance in Bread Wheat. Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, Brisbane, 26 September-1 October 2004, 29.
Matheka, J.M., Magni, E., Rasha, A.O. and Machuka, J. (2008) In Vitro Selection and Characterization of Drought Tolerant Somaclones of Tropical Maize (Zea mays L.). Biotechnology, 7, 641-650. https://doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2008.641.650
Plomion, C., Costa, P., Dubos, C., Frigerio, J.M., Guehl, J.M. and Queyrens, A. (1999) Genetical, Physiological and Molecular Response of Pinuspinasterto a Progressive Drought Stress. Journal of Plant Physiology, 155, 120-129.
Visser, B. (1994) Technical Aspects of Drought Tolerance. Biotechnology and Development Monitor, 18, 5.
Ehsanpour, A.A. and Razavizadeh, A. (2005) Effect of UV-C on Drought Tolerance of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Callus. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotecnology, 1, 107-110. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2005.107.110
Govindaraj, M., Shanmugasundaram, P., Sumathi, P. and Muthion, A.R. (2010) Simple, Rapid and Cost Effective Screening Method for Drought Resistant Breeding in Pearl Millet. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1, 590-599.
Berhan, M., Firew, M. and Eyasu, A. (2016) In Vitro Screening of Cactus [Opuntia ficus indicia (L.) Mill] Genotypes for Drought Tolerance. American Journal of Plant Science, 7, 1741-1758. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.713163
Rao, S. and Jabeen, F.T.Z. (2013) In Vitro Selection and Characterization of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Tolerant Callus Lines and Regeneration of Plantlets from the Selected Callus Lines in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 19, 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-013-0162-x
Hassan, N.S., Shaaban, L.D., Hashem, E.A. and Seleem, E.E. (2004) In Vitro Selection for Water Stress Tolerant Callus Line of Helianthus annus L. Cv. Myak. International Journal Agriculture Biology, 6, 13-18.
Shinozaki, K. and Yamaguchi, S.K. (2007) Gene Networks Involved in Drought Stress Response and Tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58, 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl164
Delano, F.J.P., Aviles, A.H., Casarrubias, C.K., Casique, A.G., Castrillon, A.P.A. and Herrera, E.L. (2011) Transcriptomic Analysis of Grain Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) Using 454 Pyrosequencing: Comparison with A. tuberculatus, Expression Profiling in Stems and in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stress. BioMed Central Genomics, 12, 363. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-363
Grativol, C., Hemerly, A.S. and Ferreira, P.C. (2012) Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Stress Responses in Natural Plant Populations. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1819, 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.08.010
Etienne, H., Montoro, P. and Carron, M.P. (1991) Incidence des paramètres hydriques sur le développement des cals d’Hevea brasiliensis en culture in Vitro. Annales des sciences forestières, INRA/EDP Sciences, 48, 253-265. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19910302
Alemanno, L., Ramos, T., Gargadenec, A., Andary, C. and Ferriere, N. (2003) Localization and Identification of Phenolic Compounds in Theobroma cacao L. Somatic Embryogenesis. Annals of Botany, 92, 613-623. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg177
Murata, M., Nishimura, M., Murai, N., Haruta, M., Homma, S. and Toh, Y. (2001) A Transgenic Apple Callus Showing Reduced Polyphenol Oxidase Activity and Lower Browning Potential. Bioscience Biotechnologie Biochemistry, 65, 383-388. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.65.383
Wu, J. and Lin, L. (2002) Ultrasound-Induced Stress Responses of Panax Ginseng Cells: Enzymatic Browning and Phenolics Production. Biotechnology Progress, 18, 862-866. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp0255210
Gallego Rúa, A.M., Henao Ramírez, A.M., Urrea Trujillo, A.I. and Atehortúa Garcés, L. (2016) Polyphenols Distribution and Reserve Substances Analysis in Cocoa Somatic Embryogenesis. Acta Biológica Colombiana, 21, 335-345. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v21n2.50196
Lutts, S., Almansouri, M. and Kinet, J.M. (2004) Salinity and Water Stress Have Contrasting Effects on the Relationship between Growth and Cell Viability during and after Stress Exposure in Durum Wheat. Cellular Plant Sciences, 167, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.02.014
Tewary, P.K., Sharma, A., Raghunath, M.K. and Sarkar, A. (2000) In Vitro Response of Promising Mulberry (Morus sp) Genotypes for Tolerance to Salt and Osmotic Stresses. Plant Growth Regulation, 30, 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006297830318
Valliyodan, B. and Nguyen, H.T. (2006) Understanding Regulatory Networks and Engineering for Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Plants. Current Opinion Plant Biology, 9, 189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2006.01.019
Fulda, S., Mikkat, S., Stegmann, H. and Horn, R. (2011) Physiology and Proteomics of Drought Stress Acclimation in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Plant Biology, 13, 632-642. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00426.x
Kaeppler, S.M., Kaeppler, H.F. and Rhee, Y. (2000) Epigenetic Aspects of Somaclonal Variation in Plants. Plant Molecular Biology, 43, 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006423110134
Nag, D.K., Suri, M. and Stenson, E.K. (2004) Both CAG Repeats and Inverted DNA Repeats Stimulate Spontaneous Unequal Sister-Chromatid Exchange in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Research, 32, 5677-5684. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh901
Arumingtyas, E.L., Widoretno, W. and Indriyani, S. (2012) Somaclonal Variations of Soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr) Stimulated by Drought Stress Based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). American Journal of Molecular Biology, 2, 85-91. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2012.21009
Elmaghrabi, A.M., Rogers, H.J., Francis, D. and Ochatt, S.J. (2017) PEG Induces High Expression of the Cell Cycle Checkpoint Gene WEE1 in Embryogenic Callus of Medicago truncatula: Potential Link between Cell Cycle Checkpoint Regulation and Osmotic Stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1479. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01479
Kacem (2017) Sélection in Vitro pour la tolérance au stress hydrique chez le blé dur (Triticum durum Desf): Approche protéomique, transcriptomique et génétique. Thèse de Doctorat, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine, Algérie, 67.