Two-year field experiments were carried out at El-Kassasen Horticultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ismailia government, Egypt, during 2018 and 2019 summer seasons to evaluate some soybean cultivars for interplanting with mandarin trees to achieve high productivity of both crops, land usage and profitability under sandy soil conditions. The treatments were the combinations of two cropping systems (interplanting and solid cultures) and five soybean cultivars (Giza 21, Giza 22, Giza 35, Giza 82 and Giza 111). A strip plot design with three replications was used. Interplanting soybean cultivar Giza 22 with mandarin trees gave a higher total count of rhizobia in rhizosphere of mandarin roots after 75 days from soybean sowing than the other treatments in both seasons. The highest fruit weight and volume, total soluble solids (T.S.S.), fruit yields per tree and per ha were obtained by growing soybean cultivar Giza 22 or Giza 111 with mandarin compared with the other treatments in both seasons. With respect to soybean crop, interplanting soybean with mandarin trees decreased percentages of light intensity at the middle and bottom of the plant, chlorophylls a and b, as well as, plant dry weight after 75 days from soybean sowing compared with those of solid culture in both seasons. Soybean cultivars Giza 22 and Giza 82 had higher light intensity at the middle and bottom of the plant, as well as chlorophyll a, meanwhile soybean cultivars Giza 22 and Giza 111 had higher plant dry weight than the other soybean cultivars after 75 days from soybean sowing in both seasons. Soybean cultivar Giza 22 and Giza 111 had higher plant dry weight than the other soybean cultivars under interplanting and solid plantings in both seasons. Interplanting soybean with mandarin trees decreased soybean seed yield and its attributes compared with soybean solid culture in both seasons. Soybean cultivars Giza 111 and Giza 22 gave a higher number of pods per plant, seed yields per plant and per ha than the other cultivars in both seasons. Soybean cultivars Giza 111 and Giza 22 followed by Giza 82 recorded a higher number of pods per plant, seed yields per plant and per ha under interplanting and solid cultures than the other treatments in both seasons. Interplanting soybean cultivar Giza 22 and Giza 111 with mandarin trees achieved higher LER, LEC, total return and MAI than solid culture of mandarin. Growing four ridges of soybean cultivars Giza 22 or Giza 111 between mandarin trees cultivar Fremont had higher productivity, land usage and profitability than mandarin solid culture under sandy soil conditions.
KeywordsInterplantingMandarinSoybean Cultivars
Salem, S.E. and Sheta, I. (2002) Citriculture and Genetic Resources in Egypt: State of the Art. In: D’Onghia, A.M., Djelouah, K. and Roistacher, C.N., Eds., Proceedings of the Mediterranean Research Network on Certification of Citrus (MNCC): 1998-2001, CIHEAM, Bari, 27-29.
Abou-Zeed Eman, A.A., El-Salhy, A.M., Abdel-Galil, H.A. and Badawy Ebtsam, F.M. (2014) Effect of Yeast and Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Sources on Growth and Fruiting of Balady Mandarin Trees. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 45, 49-64. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2014.869
Ragab, M.A. (2006) Response of Balady Mandarin Trees to Drip Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization. PhD Thesis Fac. of Agric. Minya University, Minya.
Helail, B.M., El-Badawy, H.E., Zaied, N.S. and Seyam, G.A. (2012) A Comparative Study on the Effect of Traditional and Controlled Release N Fertilizers on Fruiting and Fruit Quality of Balady Mandarin Trees. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 8, 115-126.
FAO (2017) Citrus Fruit—Fresh and Processed. Annual Statistics. Rome.
Lachungpa, K. (2004) Intercropping of Agri/Horti Crops with Special Reference to Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in Sikkim, India. 4th International Crop Science Congress, Brisbane, 26 September-1 October 2004, 1954.
Srivastava, A.K., Huchche, A.D., Ram, L. and Singh, S. (2007) Yield Prediction in Intercropped versus Mono-Cropped Citrus Orchards. Scientia Horticulturae, 114, 67-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2007.05.005
Aziz, R.A.A., Salem, S.E. and Al-Bitar, L. (2008) Effect of Intercropping Cover Crops on Citrus Orchards Growth and Fruiting under Toshka Conditions. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 1, 101-110.
Hungria, M. and Mendes, I.C. (2015) Nitrogen Fixation with Soybean: The Perfect Symbiosis? In: de Bruijn, F., Ed., Biological Nitrogen Fixation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, Chapter 99, Vol. 2, 1005-1019. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119053095.ch99
Andrews, M. and Andrews, M.E. (2017) Specificity in Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18, E705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040705
Dixon, R.O.D. and Wheeler, C.T. (1986) Nitrogen Fixation in Plants. Blackie, Glasgow.
Sprent, J.I. and Sprent, P. (1990) Nitrogen Fixing Organisms. Pure and Applied Aspects. Chapman & Hall, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0415-6
Total Count of Rhizobia
Competitive Relationships
Financial Return
Hardarson, G. (1993) Methods for Enhancing Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. Plant Soil, 152, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00016329
Boote, K.J., Mínguez, M.I. and Sau, F. (2002) Adapting the CROPGRO Legume Model to Simulate Growth of Faba Bean. Agronomy Journal, 94, 743-756. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.0743
Robertson, M.J., Carberry, P.S., Huth, N.I., Turpin, J.E., Probert, M.E., Poulton, P.L., Bell, M., Wright, G.C., Yeates, S.J. and Brinsmead, R.B. (2002) Simulation of Growth and Development of Diverse Legume Species in APSIM. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 53, 429-446. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR01106
Graham, P.H. and Vance, C.P. (2003) Legumes: Importance and Constraints to Greater Use. Plant Physiology, 131, 872-877. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.017004
Maier, R.J. and Brill, W.J. (1978) Mutant Strains of Rhizobium japonicum with Increased Ability to Fix Nitrogen for Soybean. Science, 201, 448-450. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.201.4354.448
Peterson, T.G. and LaRue, T.A. (1983) Nitrogen Fixation by Soybeans: Seasonal and Cultivar Effect, and Comparison of Estimates. Crop Science, 23, 488-492. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1983.0011183X002300030012x
Pedersen, P. (2003) Soybean Seed Inoculation. Integrated Crop Management. Iowa State University, Ames. http://www.ipm.iastate.edu
Chapman, H.D. and Pratt, P.E. (1961) Methods of Analysis for Soil, Plant and Water. Division Agric. Sci., California University, Oakland.
Alexander, M. and Clark, F. (1965) Chemical and Microbiological Properties. In: Black, et al., Eds., Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy Series, No. 9, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, 1550-1572
Holden, M. (1965) Chlorophyll. In: Goodwin, T.W., Ed., Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments, Academic Press, London, 462-488.
Mead, R. and Willey, R.W. (1980) The Concept of a “Land Equivalent Ratio” and Advantages in Yields from Intercropping. Experimental Agriculture, 16, 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700010978
Adetiloye, P.O., Ezedinma, F.O.C. and Okigbo, B.N. (1983) A Land Equivalent Coefficient Concept for the Evaluation of Competitive and Productive Interactions on Simple Complex Mixtures. Ecological Modelling, 19, 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(83)90068-6
Willey, R.W. (1979) Intercropping Its Importance and Research Needs. Part I: Competition and Yield Advantages. Field Crops Abstract, 32, 1-10.
Freed, R.D. (1991) MSTATC Microcomputer Statistical Program. Michigan State University, East Lansing.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984) Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd Edition, John Willey and Sons, Toronto.
Metwally, A.A., Shafik, M.M., El-Habbak, K.E. and Abdel-Wahab, Sh.I. (2012) Yield and Soybean Characters under Some Intercropping Patterns with Corn. Soybean Research, 10, 24-42.
Abdel-Galil, A.M., Abdel-Wahab, Sh.I. and Abdel-Wahab, T.I. (2014) Compatibility of Some Maize and Soybean Varieties for Intercropping under Sandy Soil Conditions. Proceedings of 1st Conference of International Soybean Research, Indore, 22-24 February 2014, 160.
Lindemann, W.C. and Glover, C.R. (2013) Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes. The College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. http://aces.nmsu.edu
Lovatt, C.J., Zheng, Y. and Hake, C.D. (1988) Demonstration of a Change in Nitrogen Metabolism Influencing Flower Initiation in Citrus. Israel Journal of Botany, 37, 181-188.
Nassib, A.M., Rammah, A. and Hussein, A.H.A. (1988) The Role of Legume in The Farming System of Egypt. In: Osman, A.E., Ibrahim, M.H. and Jones, M.A., Eds., The Role of Legumes in the Farming Systems of the Mediterranean Areas, Springer, Dordrecht, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1019-5_4
Arshad, M., Hussain, N., Schmeiskyc, H. and Rasheed, M. (2016) Enhancing Soil Fertility through Intercropping, Inoculation and Fertilizer. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 59, 1-5.
Franciosi, R., Salas, P., Mercabe, D. and Duarte, O. (1985) Supplementary Foliar Application of N, P and K to Washington Novel Orange Trees Affected by Tristiza. Proceedings of the Tropical Region, American Society for Horticultural Science, 24, 73-76.
Postgate, J. (1998) Nitrogen Fixation. 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. http://www.cambridgeforecast.org
Cattelan, A.J., Hartel, P.G. and Fuhrmann, J.J. (1999) Screening for Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria to Promote Early Soybean Growth. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63, 1670-1680. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.6361670x
Sivakumar, M.V.K. and Virmani, S.M. (1980) Growth and Resource Use of Maize, Pigeonpea and Maize/Pigeonpea Intercrop in an Operational Research Watershed. Experimental Agriculture, 16, 377-386. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700012035
Odeleye, F.O., Togun, A.O. and Tayo, T.O. (2001) The Effect of Light Intensity on the Growth, Development and Yield of Soybean in Southwest Nigeria. African Crop Science Journal, 9, 577-590. https://doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v9i3.27603
Noureldin, N.A., Hassan, M.Z., Hassaan, R.K. and Abdel-Wahab, Sh.I. (2002) Performance of Some Soybean Genotypes in Sandy Soil as Influenced by Some Abiotic Stresses. II. Effect on Seed Yield and Some Yield Attributes. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 47, 209-223.
Board, J.E. and Harville, B.G. (1992) Explanations for Greater Light Interception in Narrow-vs. Wide-Row Soybean. Crop Science, 32, 198-202. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1992.0011183X003200010041x
Liu, B., Liu, X.B., Wang, C., Li, Y.S., Jin, J. and Herbert, S.J. (2010) Soybean Yield and Yield Component Distribution across the Main Axis in Response to Light Enrichment and Shading under Different Densities. Plant, Soil and Environment, 56, 384-392. https://doi.org/10.17221/189/2009-PSE
Abdel-Wahab, T.I. and Abdel-Rahman Rehab, A. (2016) Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 2, 21-31. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11
Eweida, M.H.T., Hagras, A.M., Osman, M.S. and Hussein, A.H.A. (1982) Productivity of Soybean and Maize As Affected by Intercropping Systems. Thesis, Al-Azhar University, Cario.
Egbe, O.M. (2010) Effects of Plant Density of Intercropped Soybean with Tall Sorghum on Competitive Ability of Soybean and Economic Yield at Otobi, Benue State, Nigeria. Journals of Cereals and Oilseeds, 1, 1-10.
Metwally, A.A., Safina, S.A., Abdel-Wahab, T.I., Abdel-Wahab, Sh.I. and Hefny, Y.A.A. (2018) Productivity of Soybean Varieties under Intercropping Culture with Corn in Egypt. Soybean Research, 16, 63-77.
Gadallah, R.A. and Selim, T.A. (2016) Distributions of Soybean and Corn Plants in Intercropping and Solid Patterns. Soybean Research, 14, 14-31.
Vandermeer, J. (1989) The Ecology of Intercropping. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 254 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623523