Double nationality is a phenomenon arising from a diversity of nationalities attribution criteria. Such occurrence is not a novelty for international law, and has been addressed by a number of bilateral and multilateral transnational regulations, but is still an issue for many children whose families come from different legal and cultural backgrounds, resulting still more complicated in each time more globalized world economy. One specific hardship, often disregarded by the international legal literature, is the question of compulsory military enlistment and service, which may become detrimental to fruition of the essential human right to a nationality. This article aims to ascertain the subject from the perspective of two relatively very different legal orders, namely those of Brazil (Federative Republic of Brazil), and China (People’s Republic of China), based on an actual legal dispute in Brazilian courts, applying the case study methodology, under comparative law scientific lenses.
KeywordsNationalityMilitaryEnlistmentBrazilChina
Altasserre, S. (2013). Les mobilités bulgares en Europe occidentale et plus particulièrement en France au cours de la période postcommuniste (1989-2012). Doctoral Dissertation, Strasbourg. https://www.cairn.info/revue-migrations-societe-2013-3-page-33.htm
Barel, B. (2003). L’Acquisto della Cittadinanza Italiana dopo la Riforma. In A. Dal Ri Junior, & M. O. Oliveira (Eds.), Cidadania e Nacionalidade (2nd ed., pp. 113-122). Unijui.
Becard, D. S. R. (2008). O Brasil e a Republica Popular da China: Politica externa comparada e relações bilaterais [1974-2004] (p. 330). Funag.
Blake, C. (1982). Citizenship, Law and the State: The British Nationality Act 1981. The Modern Law Review, 45, 179-197. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1095380 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1982.tb02476.x
Brazil Chamber of Deputies. Federal Decree no 56.417, of 04 Jun. 1965. https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1960-1969/decreto-56417-4-junho-1965-396807-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html
Brazil Ministry of Foreign Relations (2019, June 10). Republica Popular da China. https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/relacoes-bilaterais/todos-os-paises/republica-popular-da-china
Bueno, E. (2003). Brasil: Uma história (2nd ed.). Atica.
Carvalho Ramos, A. (2021). Curso de Direito Internacional Privado (2nd ed., p. 640). Saraiva.
Constantinesco, J. L. (1998). Tratado de Direito Comparado (p. 385). Renovar.
Dollinger, J., & Tiburcio, C. (2016). Direito Internacional Privado (13th ed., p. 670). Forense.
Ex Parte v. Federal Police Superintendent in Sao Paulo, Case File 0013431-90.2015.4.03.6100 (24th Fed. Court. SP, 2015).
Fausto, B., & Fausto, S. (1994). História do Brasil (Vol. 1). Edusp.
Haken, J. (2020). Compulsory Military Service. Sabretache, 61, 23-25.
Hippler, T. (2002). Service militaire et intégration nationale pendant la révolution française. Annales Historiques de la Révolution française, 329, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.662
ICJ International Court of Justice (1955). Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala): Judgments of November 18th, 1953 (Preliminary Objection) and April 6th, 1955 (Second Phase of the Case). The Court.
Itsik, R. (2020). Compulsory Military Service as a Social Integrator. Security and Defence Quarterly, 30, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/124710
Jayme, E. (1995). Identite Culturelle et Integration: Le Droit International Prive Postmoderne: Cours General. Recuil des Cours, Volume 251, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Jye, C. T., Shyu, D. J. Y., & de Menezes Jr., A. J. B. (2009). Os imigrantes chineses no Brasil e a sua língua. Synergies Brésil, 7, 57-64.
Kestnbaum, M. (2000). Citizenship and Compulsory Military Service: The Revolutionary Origins of Conscription in the United States. Armed Forces & Society, 27, 7-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X0002700103
Kovacs, P. (2014). The Background and the Functions of the European Convention on Nationality. Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law, 2014, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.5553/HYIEL/266627012014002001001
Kuhlmann, P. R. L. (2001). O serviço militar, democracia e defesa nacional: Razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil. Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade de Sao Paulo.
League of Nations (1935). Protocol Relating to Military Obligations in Certain Cases of Double Nationality. League of Nations, Treaty Series, 178, 227. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38c10.html
Leal, J. A. (2008). Serviço militar obrigatório: A alternativa adequada. Coleção Meira Mattos: Revista das ciências militares, 17, 11.
Leite, F. G. M. (2015). Tradição Chinesa e Direitos Humanos. In F. B. P. Polido, & M. M. Ramos (Eds.), Direito Chinês Contemporaneo (pp. 77-92). Almedina Brasil.
Liu, S. (2008). Globalization as Boundary-Blurring: International and Local Law Firms in China’s Corporate Law Market. Law & Society Review, 42, 771-804. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29734154 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00358.x
Lu, S. (2020). Novos imigrantes chineses no Brasil desde os anos 1970. Doctoral Dissertation.
Piattoeva, N. (2015). Citizenship and Nationality. In A. D. Smith, X. Hou, J. Stone, R. Dennis, & P. Rizova (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism (pp. 1-4). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663202.wberen560
Polido, F. B. P., & Ramos, M. M. (2015). Direito Chinês Contemporaneo (439 p.). Almedina Brasil.
Posenato, N. (2003). A Evolução Histórico-Constitucional da Nacionalidade no Brasil. In A. Dal Ri Junior, & M. O. Oliveira (Eds.), Cidadania e Nacionalidade: Efeitos e perspectivas (pp. 211-245). Unijui.
Reale Junior, M. (1994). Teoria Tridimensional do Direito (5th ed., p. 161). Saraiva.
Reinhart, S. M. (2007). Strategies for Legal Cases Reading & Vocabulary Development (p. 191). Michigan University Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.223607
Rodrigues, R. C. N. (2010). A objeção de consciência ao serviço militar obrigatório: O caso brasileiro à luz do direito internacional. Masters Thesis, Universidade de Fortaleza.
Song, X. X. (2008). Development of the Nationality Law of China—On Nationality Issues of Hong Kong and Macau residents. Frontiers of Law in China, 3, 611-629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11463-008-0030-8
Spiro, P. J. (2010). Dual Citizenship as Human Right. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 8, 111-130. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mop035
Suryadinata, L. (2015). China’s Nationality Laws and the Chinese Overseas. In J. Bhattacharya, & C. Kripalani (Eds.), Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities: Comparative Perspectives (pp. 43-54). Anthem Press India.
Tilly, C. (1995). The Emergence of Citizenship in France and Elsewhere. International Review of Social History, 40, 223-236. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000113653
Yang, Z. (2010). Compulsory Military and Labor Services Are the Fundamental Obligations of “Zhengzu” in Qin and Han Dynasties: The Duty of “Gengzu” Was Not Labor Service for the Country. Journal of Chinese Literature and History, 1, 331-362, 397-398. https://caod.oriprobe.com/issues/616462/toc.htm
Zuccherino, R. M. (2008). Derecho Internacional Privado (p. 616). Lexis Nexis.