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In Situ Characterization of Lopinavir by ATR-FTIR Biospectroscopy

  1. 1 Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, Irvine, CA, USA
  2. 2 American International Standards Institute, Irvine, CA, USA
Computational Chemistry·Volume 08, Issue 3·Pages 27–42·Published 13 July 2020·DOI10.4236/cc.2020.83004
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Abstract

Lopinavir is an antiretroviral of the protease inhibitor class (Figure 1 and Figure 2). It is used against HIV infections as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, ritonavir (lopinavir/ritonavir). In the current research, the stimulated ATR-FTIR biospectroscopy of liquid sample of Lopinavir was investigated. The stimulated ATR-FTIR diffractions emitted through focusing the second harmonic laser beam Nd:YAG into the sample were recorded by Echelle spectrometer and ICCD detector. Increasing the energy of laser beam from 2.6 (mJ) to 16 (mJ) led to increase in stimulated ATR-FTIR signal but after breakdown threshold of liquid sample, further increasing energy led to the decrease in stimulating ATR-FTIR signals and for energies higher than 20 (mJ), they were disappeared.

KeywordsATR-FTIR BiospectroscopySimulationLopinavirBreakdownCoronavirus Disease-2019COVID-19InfectionProtective and Therapeutic EffectPotent Drug
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  84. Heidari, A. (2017) Sedative, Analgesic and Ultrasound-Mediated Gastrointestinal Nano Drugs Delivery for Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Procedure, Nano Drug-Induced Gastrointestinal Disorders and Nano Drug Treatment of Gastric Acidity. Research and Reports in Gastroenterology, 1, 1.
  85. Heidari, A. (2017) Synthesis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Dosing, Stability, Safety and Efficacy of Orphan Nano Drugs to Treat High Cholesterol and Related Conditions and to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease under Synchrotron Radiation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Emerging Drugs, 5, e104. https://doi.org/10.4172/2380-9477.1000e104
  86. Heidari, A. (2017) Non-Linear Compact Proton Synchrotrons to Improve Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Treatments and Diagnostics through Particle Therapy Accelerators with Monochromatic Microbeams. Journal of Cell Biology and Molecular Science, 2, 1-5.
  87. Heidari, A. (2017) Design of Targeted Metal Chelation Therapeutics Nanocapsules as Colloidal Carriers and Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Translocation to Targeted Deliver Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs into the Human Brain to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease under Synchrotron Radiation. Journal of Nanotechnology & Material Science, 4, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.15436/2377-1372.17.1591
  88. Gobato, R. and Heidari, A. (2017) Calculations Using Quantum Chemistry for Inorganic Molecule Simulation BeLi2SeSi. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 5, 76-85. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20170505.13
  89. Heidari, A. (2017) Different High-Resolution Simulations of Medical, Medicinal, Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Oncology of Human Lung Cancer Translational Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery Treatment Process under Synchrotron and X-Ray Radiations. Journal of Medical Oncology, 1, 1. https://doi.org/10.36959/915/571
  90. Heidari, A. (2017) A Modern Ethnomedicinal Technique for Transformation, Prevention and Treatment of Human Malignant Gliomas Tumors into Human Benign Gliomas Tumors under Synchrotron Radiation. American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 4, 10.
  91. Heidari, A. (2017) Active Targeted Nanoparticles for Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier for Human Brain Cancer Treatment, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer’s Diseases Using Chemical Modifications of Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs or Drug-Nanoparticles through Zika Virus (ZIKV) Nanocarriers under Synchrotron Radiation. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, 2, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.15436/2575-808X.17.1594
  92. Heidari, A. (2017) Investigation of Medical, Medicinal, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Estradiol, Mestranol (Norlutin), Norethindrone (NET), Norethisterone Acetate (NETA), Norethisterone Enanthate (NETE) and Testosterone Nanoparticles as Biological Imaging, Cell Labeling, Anti-Microbial Agents and Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs in Nanomedicines Based Drug Delivery Systems for Anti-Cancer Targeting and Treatment. Parana Journal of Science and Education, 3, 10-19.
  93. Heidari, A. (2017) A Comparative Computational and Experimental Study on Different Vibrational Biospectroscopy Methods, Techniques and Applications for Human Cancer Cells in Tumor Tissues Simulation, Modeling, Research, Diagnosis and Treatment. Open Journal of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 1, 14-20. https://doi.org/10.17352/ojabc.000003
  94. Heidari, A. (2017) Combination of DNA/RNA Ligands and Linear/Non-Linear Visible-Synchrotron Radiation-Driven N-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles Photocatalysts Channels Resulted in an Interesting Synergistic Effect Enhancing Catalytic Anti-Cancer Activity. Enzyme Engineering, 6, 1.
  95. Heidari, A. (2017) Modern Approaches in Designing Ferritin, Ferritin Light Chain, Transferrin, Beta-2 Transferrin and Bacterioferritin-Based Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs Encapsulating Nanosphere as DNA-Binding Proteins from Starved Cells (DPS). Modern Approaches in Drug Designing, 1, MADD.000504. https://doi.org/10.31031/MADD.2017.01.000504
  96. Heidari, A. (2017) Potency of Human Interferon β-1a and Human Interferon β-1b in Enzymotherapy, Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Hormone Therapy and Targeted Therapy of Encephalomyelitis Disseminate/Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, F and G Virus Enter and Targets Liver Cells. Journal of Proteomics & Enzymology, 6, e109. https://doi.org/10.4172/2470-1289.1000e109
  97. Heidari, A. (2017) Transport Therapeutic Active Targeting of Human Brain Tumors Enable Anti-Cancer Nanodrugs Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) to Treat Brain Diseases Using Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers under Synchrotron Radiation. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics, 4, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.15436/2377-1313.17.034
  98. Heidari, A. and Brown, C. (2017) Combinatorial Therapeutic Approaches to DNA/RNA and Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), Fluoxetine Hydrochloride (Prozac and Sarafem), Propofol (Diprivan), Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) (Aspirin), Naproxen Sodium (Aleve and Naprosyn) and Dextromethamphetamine Nanocapsules with Surface Conjugated DNA/RNA to Targeted Nano Drugs for Enhanced Anti-Cancer Efficacy and Targeted Cancer Therapy Using Nano Drugs Delivery Systems. Annals of Advances in Chemistry, 1, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.aac.1001008
  99. Heidari, A. (2017) High-Resolution Simulations of Human Brain Cancer Translational Nano Drugs Delivery Treatment Process under Synchrotron Radiation. Journal of Translational Research, 1, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.36959/915/571
  100. Heidari, A. (2017) Investigation of Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs’ Effects’ Trend on Human Pancreas Cancer Cells and Tissues Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment Process under Synchrotron and X-Ray Radiations with the Passage of Time Using Mathematica. Current Trends in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 1, 36-41. https://doi.org/10.36959/525/437
  101. Heidari, A. (2017) Pros and Cons Controversy on Molecular Imaging and Dynamics of Double-Standard DNA/RNA of Human Preserving Stem Cells-Binding Nano Molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone Derivatives through Tracking of Helium-4 Nucleus (Alpha Particle) Using Synchrotron Radiation. Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, 1, 67-100. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.hjb.1001007
  102. Heidari, A. (2017) Visualizing Metabolic Changes in Probing Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Metabolism Using Vivo 1H or Proton NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR and 31P NMR Spectroscopy and Self-Organizing Maps under Synchrotron Radiation. SOJ Materials Science & Engineering, 5, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.15226/sojmse.2017.00150
  103. Heidari, A. (2017) Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS), Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy, Cold Vapour Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Correlation Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Enliven: Challenges in Cancer Detection and Therapy, 4, e001. https://doi.org/10.18650/2376-046X.21008