Introduction : The current pandemic has caused several social and behavioural changes at a national level. These changes had a negative impact on mental health and sleep quality. Sleep is one of the main regulators and repairers of the body and is involved in both cognition and memory as well as immunity and hormonal balance. Objective : This study seeks to identify the main sleep disorders aggravated by the COVID-19 Pandemic and their consequences to the population. Methods : A bibliographic narrative review was made with articles dating from the last 5 years (2016-2021), which were extracted from the National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) and “Google Academic” databases, using the following keywords and descriptors in Portuguese and English; “Sleep/Sono”, “Sleep Disorders/Distúrbios do Sono”, “Insomnia”, “Pandemic/Pandemia”, “COVID-19”, “Immunity/Imunidade”, “Viral Infections/Infec ç õ es virais”, “Coronavírus”, “Sleep-Wake Cycle Rhythm/Ritmo ciclo-vigília”, “Biological Clocks/Relógios biológicos” and the Boolean operator “and/e”. Results and Discussion : Insomnia and sleep-wake cycle changes have been quite evident among the population and were mainly aggravated by the increase of anxiety and depressive symptoms taking place during the pandemic. Students have gone through major routine changes disrupting their daily activities, such as physical activities, class schedules, and use of electronic equipment, which in turn accentuate sleep problems affecting their academic performance and learning. Conclusion : The pandemic has changed many habits and routines, with students among those wh o were affected the most, both in terms of psychological disorders affecting quality of sleep, as well as irregular sleep that itself influences cognition and learning. Insomnia has proved to be frequent in the population, and its effects on the body, especially regarding the immune system and emotional regulation are not favourable for confronting the new coronavirus .
Al-Ajlouni, Y. A., Park, S. H., Alawa, J., Shamaileh, G., Bawab, A., El-Sadr, W. M., & Duncan, D. T. (2020). Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Are Associated with Poor Sleep Health during a Period of COVID-19-Induced Nationwide Lockdown: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Adults in Jordan. BMJ Open, 10, e041995.
Almeida, W. da S., Szwarcwald, C. L., Malta, D. C., Barros, M. B. de A., Souza Júnior, P. R. B., Azevedo, L. O. et al. (2020). Mudancas nas condicoes socioeconomicas e de saúde dos brasileiros durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 23, e200105. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200105
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014). International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual (3rd ed.). Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (2020). Staying Active during the Coronavirus Pandemic. https://www.exerciseismedicine.org/assets/page_documents/EIM_Rx%20for%20Health_%20S taying%20Active%20During%20Coronavirus%20Pandemic.pdf
Asif, N., Iqbal, R., & Nazir, C. F. (2017). Human Immune System during Sleep. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 6, 92-96.
Barros, M. B. A. et al. (2020). Report of Sadness/Depression, Nervousness/Anxiety and Sleeping Problems in the Brazilian Adult Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Epidemiologia e Servicos de Saúde, 29, e2020427.
Batista, G. A., Silva, T. N., Oliveira, M. R., Diniz, P. R. B, Lopes, S. S., & Oliveira, L. M. F. T. (2018). Association between the Perception of the Quality of Sleep and the Assimilation of the Content Addressed in the Classroom. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 36, 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;3;00008
Bezerra, A. C. V., Silva, C. E. M., Soares, F. R. G., & Silva, J. A. M. (2020). Fatores associados ao comportamento da populacao durante o isolamento social na pandemia de COVID-19. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 25, 2411-2421. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256.1.10792020
Bhaskar, S., Hemavathy, D., & Prasad, S. (2016). Prevalence of Chronic Insomnia in Adult Patients and Its Correlation with Medical Comorbidities. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 5, 780-784. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.201153
Brito, L. M. S., Boguszewski, M. C. S., Souza, M. T. R., Martins, F., Mota, J., & Leite, N. (2020). Indoor Physical Activities, Eating and Sleeping Habits among School Adolescents during COVID-19 Pandemic. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, 25, e0117. https://doi.org/10.12820/rbafs.25e0117
Depolito, S. C. P., Moraes, L. L., Siqueira, W. G., Sales Baquiao, L. M., Januário, G. C., & Morceli, G. (2020). Performance of the Nursing Team in Front of Early Weaning: A Narrative Review. Saúde Coletiva, 10, 2915-2924.
El Halal, C. S., & Nunes, M. L. (2019). Sono e desenvolvimento pondero-estatural. Jornal de Pediatria, 95, S2-S9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2018.10.009
Elmer, T., Mepham, K., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under Lockdown: Comparisons of Students’ Social Networks and Mental Health before and during the COVID-19 Crisis in Switzerland. PLoS ONE, 15, e0236337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236337
Farhud, D., & Aryan, Z. (2018). Circadian Rhythm, Lifestyle and Health: A Narrative Review. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 47, 1068-1076.
Flynn-Evans, E. E., Shekleton, J. A., Miller, B., Epstein, L. J., Kirsch, D., Brogna, L. A. et al. (2017). Circadian Phase and Phase Angle Disorders in Primary Insomnia. Sleep, 40, zsx163. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx163
Fu, Y., Cheng, Y., & Wu, Y. (2020). Understanding SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Inflammatory Responses: From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Tools. Virologica Sinica, 35, 266-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-020-00207-4
Grandner, M. A. (2017). Sleep, Health, and Society. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 12, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.012
Islam, M. A., Barna, S. D., Raihan, H., Khan, M. N. A., & Hossain, M. T. (2020). Depression and Anxiety among University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. PLoS ONE, 15, e0238162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238162
Janati Idrissi, A., Lamkaddem, A., Benouajjit, A., Ben El Bouaazzaoui, M., El Houari, F., Alami, M. et al. (2020). Sleep Quality and Mental Health in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown in Morocco. Sleep Medicine, 74, 248-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.07.045
Killgore, W., Cloonan, S. A., Taylor, E. C., Fernandez, F., Grandner, M. A., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Suicidal Ideation during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Insomnia. Psychiatry Research, 290, Article ID: 113134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113134
Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Megalakaki, O., Laimou, D., & Kousouri, M. (2020). Insomnia during COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown: Prevalence, Severity, and Associated Risk Factors in French Population. Psychiatry Research, 290, Article ID: 113128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113128
Li, L., Wu, C., Gan, Y., Qu, X., & Lu, Z. (2016). Insomnia and the Risk of Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. BMC Psychiatry, 16, Article No. 375. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1075-3
Maia, B. R., & Dias, P. C. (2020). Ansiedade, depressao e estresse em estudantes universitários: O impacto da COVID-19. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 37, e200067. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037e200067
Marelli, S., Castelnuovo, A., Somma, A., Castronovo, V., Mombelli, S., Bottoni, D. et al. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep Quality in University Students and Administration Staff. Journal of Neurology, 268, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10056-6
Morin, C. M., Carrier, J., Bastien, C., Godbout, R., & Canadian Sleep and Circadian Network (2020). Sleep and Circadian Rhythm in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 111, 654-657. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00382-7
Nami, M., Mehrabi, S., Kamali, A. M., Kazemiha, M., Carvalho, J., Derman, S. et al. (2020). A New Hypothesis on Anxiety, Sleep Insufficiency, and Viral Infections; Reciprocal Links to Consider in Today’s “World vs. COVID-19” Endeavors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, Article ID: 585893. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585893
Oliveira, S. J. R. (2016). Sono, Melatonina e Exercício Físico [Sleep, Melatonin and Physical Exercise]. Projeto de pós-graduacao, Porto, Portugal: Universidade Fernando Pessoa.
Pacheco, D. (2020). Sleep Disorders. Sleep Foundation Org. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders
Pavlova, M. K., & Latreille, V. (2019). Sleep Disorders. The American Journal of Medicine, 132, 292-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.09.021
Pereira, A. S., Shitsuka, D. M., Parreira, F. J., & Shitsuka, R. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica [Scientific Research Methodology] (e-book). Santa Maria Ed., UAB/NTE/UFSM. https://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/handle/1/15824/Lic_Computacao_Metodologia-Pesquisa-Cientifica.pdf?sequence=1
Perlis, M. L., Grandner, M. A., Chakravorty, S., Bernert, R. A., Brown, G. K., & Thase, M. E. (2016). Suicide and Sleep: Is It a Bad Thing to be Awake When Reason Sleeps? Sleep Medicine Reviews, 29, 101-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.10.003
Romero-Blanco, C., Rodríguez-Almagro, J., Onieva-Zafra, M. D., Parra-Fernández, M. L., Prado-Laguna, M., & Hernández-Martínez, A. (2020). Sleep Pattern Changes in Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 5222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145222
Russell, K., Allan, S., Beattie, L., Bohan, J., MacMahon, K., & Rasmussen, S. (2019). Sleep Problem, Suicide and Self-Harm in University Students: A Systematic Review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 44, 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.12.008
Santos, E. S. G., & Souza, O. F. (2021). Evidence of the Association between Sleep Duration and Blood Pressure in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 39, e2019225. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2019225
Sher, L. (2020). COVID-19, Anxiety, Sleep Disturbances and Suicide. Sleep Medicine, 70, 124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.04.019
Silva, F. C., Zamprogna, K. M., Souza, S. S., Silva, D. H., & Sell, D. (2021). Isolamento social e a velocidade de casos de COVID-19: medida de prevencao da transmissao. Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem, 42, e20200238.
Souza, A. F., & Miranda, A. C. O. (2018). Os problemas causados pelo uso excessivo de smartphones [The Problems Caused by Excessive Use of Smart Phones]. Instituto Federal do Ceará Campus Caucaia.
Sredniawa, A., Drwila, D., Krotos, A., Wojtas, D., Kostecka, N., & Tomasik, T. (2019). Insomnia and the Level of Stress among Students in Krakow, Poland. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 41, 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0154
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2018). Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (2nd ed.). Washington DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Voitsidis, P., Gliatas, I., Bairachtari, V., Papadopoulou, K., Papageorgiou, G., Parlapani, E. et al. (2020). Insomnia during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Greek Population. Psychiatry Research, 289, Article ID: 113076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113076
World Health Organization (2020). Mental Health and Psychosocial Considerations during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Geneva: WHO. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf
Wright Jr., K. P., Linton, S. K., Withrow, D., Casiraghi, L., Lanza, S. M., Iglesia, H. et al. (2020). Sleep in University Students Prior to and during COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Orders. Current Biology, 30, R797-R798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.022
Zhang, W. R., Wang, K., Yin, L., Zhao, W. F., Xue, Q., Peng, M. et al (2020). Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 89, 242-250. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507639
Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Ma, X., & Di, Q. (2020). Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemics and the Mitigation Effects of Exercise: A Longitudinal Study of College Students in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 3722. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103722