The catastrophe linked to the COVID-19 epidemic has brought different education issues and challenges to academia across the world. All educational universities around the world were forced to adjust and reorganize the system and process of education based on face-to-face teaching and change it approximately instantly to the working settings and online education. Moreover, before COVID - 19, it was common practice for universities to introduce final-year secondary school students to the university environment before they officially enrolled in a university program. However, when COVID -19 spread around the world, most universities stopped face-to-face oron-campus visits and enrolled students in their online degrees. This tended to have an adverse impact on student learning, particularly for first-year students, as the university systems are different for first-year students. The term e-coaching is defined as the method of coaching students through innovative technologies. This paper presents a systematic literature review on the importance and usefulness of e-coaching in improving learner performance—to the best of our knowledge, no researchers have ever done that before in the e-coaching domain.
KeywordsE-CoachingSystematic Literature ReviewE-Coaching ToolsE-Coaching Framework Web-Based Learning
Aktan, O., Toraman, C., & Orakci, S. (2020). Relationships between Teachers’ Professional Values, Attitudes, and Concerns about the Profession in Turkey. Issues in Educational Research, 30, 397-419.
Alnassar, M., Issa, T., Nau, S. Z., & Abu Salih, B. (2021). Developing and Assessing a Holistic eLearning 4.0 Model for Higher Education in Saudi Arabia. In The eLmL 2021: The Thirteenth International Conference on Mobile, Hybrid, and On-Line Learning (pp. 25-30).
Alokluk, J. A. (2018). The Effectiveness of Blackboard System, Uses and Limitations in Information Management. Intelligent Information Management, 10, 133-149. https://doi.org/10.4236/iim.2018.106012
Atad, O. I., & Grant, A. M. (2021). Evidence-Based Coaching as a Supplement to Traditional Lectures: Impact on Undergraduates’ Goal Attainment and Measures of Mental Well-Being. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 10, 249-266. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-05-2020-0024
Baafi, R. A. K., & Atieno, L. V. (2020). Interactive Media in Higher Education: A Strategy for Enhancing Students’ Learning Achievement and Cultural Integration. eLearning & Software for Education, 3, 575-583. https://doi.org/10.12753/2066-026X-20-245
Bagshaw, M., & Bagshaw, C. (2002). Radical Self-Development—A Bottom Up Perspective. Industrial and Commercial Training, 34, 194-199. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850210437120
Balasubramanian, N., Ye, Y., & Xu, M. (2022). Substituting Human Decision-Making with Machine Learning: Implications for Organizational Learning. Academy of Management Review, 47, 448-465. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2019.0470
Barbian, J. (2002). Screenplay. Online Learning Magazine, 6, 12-16.
Berry, R. M. (2005). A Comparison of Face-to-Face and Distance Coaching Practices: The Role of the Working Alliance in Problem Resolution. Georgia State University.
Beun, R. J., Anderson, J., Ham, J., Klein, M., Roefs, A., & Westerink, J. (2017). Special Issue on Supporting a Healthier Lifestyle with E-Coaching Systems. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 21, 621-623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-017-1029-x
Bonk, C. J., & Graham, C. R. (2012). The Handbook of Blended Learning: Global Perspectives, Local Designs. John Wiley & Sons.
Boyce, L. A., & Clutterbuck, D. (2010). E-Coaching: Accept It, It’s Here, and It’s Evolving! In G. Hernez-Broome, L. A. Boyce, & A. I. Kraut (Eds.), Advancing Executive Coaching: Setting the Course for Successful Leadership Coaching (pp. 285-315). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118255995.ch11
Boyce, L. A., & Hernez-Broome, G. (2010). E-Coaching: Consideration of Leadership Coaching in a Virtual Environment. In D. Clutterbuck, & Z. Hussain (Eds.), Virtual Coach, Virtual Mentor (pp. 139-174). IAP Information Age Publishing.
Bruck, S., Robinson, A., & Gallagher, E. (2021). A Model of Practice for Improving Autism Knowledge in Teachers of Mainstream Students on the Autism Spectrum in Australia. Australasian Journal of Special and Inclusive Education, 45, 221-236. https://doi.org/10.1017/jsi.2021.7
Bucur, M. (2018). Enhancing Organizational Performance through E-Coaching Sessions: Quantitative Approach. The Conference Proceedings of eLearning and Software for Education (eLSE), 1, 370-375. https://doi.org/10.12753/2066-026X-18-051
Carmeli, A., Zivan, I., Gomes, E., & Markman, G. D. (2021). Underlining Micro Socio-Psychological Mechanisms of Buyer-Supplier Relationships: Implications for Inter-Organizational Learning Agility. Human Resource Management Review, 31, Article 100577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.002
Chang, N. (2009). Significance and Uniqueness of Personalized E-Coaching. In P. Rogers, G. Berg, J. Boettcher, C. Howard, L. Justice, & K. Schenk (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Distance Learning (2nd ed., pp. 1876-1883). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-198-8.ch277
Chatterjee, A., Gerdes, M., Martinez, S., & Prinz, A. (2021). Human Coaching Methodologies for Automatic Electronic Coaching (eCoaching) as Behavioral Interventions with Information and Communication Technology: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23, e23533. https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.23533
Cheek, A. E., Rock, M. L., & Jimenez, B. A. (2019). Online Module plus eCoaching: The Effects on Special Education Teachers’ Comprehension Instruction for Students with Significant Intellectual Disability. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 54, 343-357.
Damschroder, L. J., Reardon, C. M., Sperber, N., Robinson, C. H., Fickel, J. J., & Oddone, E. Z. (2017). Implementation Evaluation of the Telephone Lifestyle Coaching (TLC) Program: Organizational Factors Associated with Successful Implementation. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 7, 233-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-016-0424-6
Ensher, E. A., Heun, C., & Blanchard, A. (2003). Online Mentoring and Computer-Mediated Communication: New Directions in Research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 264-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00044-7
Fettig, A., Barton, E. E., Carter, A., & Eisenhower, A. (2016). Using E-Coaching to Support an Early Intervention Provider’s Implementation of a Functional Assessment- Based Intervention. Infants and Young Children, 29, 130-147. https://doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0000000000000058
Fielden, S., & Hunt, C. (2006). Female Entrepreneurship: Challenges and Opportunities—The Case for Online Coaching. Women in Leadership and Management, 163-180.
Fogg, B. J. (2002). Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do. Ubiquity, 2002, Article No. 5. https://doi.org/10.1145/764008.763957
Frazee, R. V. (2008). E-Coaching in Organizations: A Study of Features, Practices, and Determinants of Use. Ph.D. Thesis, University of San Diego.
Geissler, H., Hasenbein, M., Kanatouri, S., & Wegener, R. (2014). E-Coaching: Conceptual and Empirical Findings of a Virtual Coaching Programme. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 12, 165-187.
Ghods, N., & Boyce, C. (2013). Virtual Coaching and Mentoring. In J. Passmore, D. B. Peterson, & T. Freire (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Coaching and Mentoring (pp. 501-523). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118326459.ch26
Grant, A. M., & Zackon, R. (2004). Executive, Workplace and Life Coaching: Findings from a Large-Scale Survey of International Coach Federation Members. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 2, 1-15.
Greif, S., Moller, H., Scholl, W., Passmore, J., & Müller, F. (2021). International Handbook of Evidence-Based Coaching. Theory, Research and Practice. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81938-5
Gunawardena, C., & McIsaac, M. (2004). Distance Education. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of Research for Education Communications and Technology (2nd ed., pp. 355-397). Lawrence Earlbaum Ass. Inc.
Gunawardena, C., Carabajal, K., & Lowe, C. A. (2001). Critical Analysis of Models and Methods Used to Evaluate Online Learning Networks. In The Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.
Hamilton, B. A., & Scandura, T. A. (2003). E-Mentoring: Implications for Organizational Learning and Development in a Wired World. Organizational Dynamics, 31, 388-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(02)00128-6
Headlam-Wells, J., Gosland, J., & Craig, J. (2006). Beyond the Organisation: The Design and Management of E-Mentoring Systems. International Journal of Information Management, 26, 372-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2006.04.001
Hernez-Broome, G. (2002). In It for the Long Haul: Coaching Is Key to Continued Development. Center for Creative Leadership.
Hernez-Broome, G., Boyce, L., & Whyman, W. (2007). E-Coaching: Supporting Leadership Coaching with Technology (Section 2: Critical Issues of Coaching with Technology). In The 22nd Annual Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology Conference.
Horn, A. L. (2021). eCoaching in Rural Secondary Settings When Teaching Students with Intellectual and Other Developmental Disabilities. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 40, 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1177/87568705211027980
Horn, A. L., & Rock, M. L. (2021). The Effects of Teacher-Delivered eCoaching on Paraeducators and Students. In A. Markelz (Ed.), The Ted 2021 Conference Proceedings: Steering into the Future (pp. 33-37). Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children.
Hubbard, R. (2015). Student Outcomes and Retention in Online Academic and Training Programs. In J. Keengwe, & J. Agamba (Eds.), Models for Improving and Optimizing Online and Blended Learning in Higher Education (pp. 147-172). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6280-3.ch008
Hui, R. T.-Y. (2015). Coaching in Computer-Mediated Communication at Workplace. In The 2015 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE) (pp. 215-219). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/TALE.2015.7386046
Hui, R. T.-Y., Law, K. K., & Lau, S. C.-P. (2021). Online or Offline? Coaching Media as Mediator of the Relationship between Coaching Style and Employee Work-Related Outcomes. Australian Journal of Management, 46, 326-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896220914383
Hunt, C. (2010). A Longitudinal Study to Explore and Examine the Potential and Impact of an E-Coaching Programme on the Learning and Self-Efficacy of Female Entrepreneurs in the North West of England. University of Manchester.
Ifdil, I., Bariyyah, K., Dewi, A. K., & Rangka, I. B. (2019). The College Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (CASES): An Indonesian Validation to Measure the Self-Efficacy of Students. Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling, 4, 115-121.
Imhof, C., Comsa, I.-S., Hlosta, M., Parsaeifard, B., Moser, I., & Bergamin, P. (2022). Prediction of Dilatory Behavior in eLearning: A Comparison of Multiple Machine Learning Models. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2022.3221495
Johnson, L., & Ross, J. D. (2010). The Role of Remote Capacity Building Strategies: ARCC eCoaching. Capacity Building Technical Assistance, 31-40.
Johnson, P. (2003). Top 10 Reasons Faculty Fail When Using Blackboard CMS. In The Proceedings of 36th Midwest Instruction and Computing Symposium (pp. 1-13).
Joseph, B., Kearney, K. B., Brady, M. P., Downey, A., & Torres, A. (2021). Teaching Small Talk: Increasing On-Topic Conversational Exchanges in College Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Using Remote Audio Coaching. Behavior Modification, 45, 251-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445520975174
Kamphorst, B. A. (2017). E-Coaching Systems. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 21, 625-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-017-1020-6
Kandola, P. (2006). The Psychology of Effective Business Communications in Geographically Dispersed Teams. Cisco Systems. https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/global/en_uk/assets/pdfs/Cisco_Psychology_report.pdf
Katiforis, D. (2020). Coaching Colleagues Using ZOOM as a Digital Platform during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Languages Victoria, 24, 29-34.
Khanji, M. Y., Balawon, A., Boubertakh, R., Hofstra, L., Narula, J., Hunink, M. et al. (2019). Personalized E-Coaching in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Annals of Global Health, 85, Article 107. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2496
Kitchenham, B., Brereton, O. P., Budgen, D., Turner, M., Bailey, J., & Linkman, S. (2009). Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering—A Systematic Literature Review. Information and Software Technology, 51, 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2008.09.009
Komninou, I., & Papakostas, C. (2022). Integration of Digital Technology and Educational Planning for Teaching and Learning Religion in Higher Education Institutions. In M. Shelley, & I. Sahin (Eds.), Studies on Education, Science, and Technology 2021 (pp. 59-80). ISTES Organization.
Kovalchuck, V., & Vorotnykova, I. (2017). E-Coaching, E-Mentoring for Lifelong Professional Development of Teachers within the System of Post-Graduate Pedagogical Education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 18, 214-227. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.328956
Li, L., Xu, L. D., He, Y., He, W., Pribesh, S., Watson, S. M., & Major, D. A. (2021). Facilitating Online Learning via Zoom Breakout Room Technology: A Case of Pair Programming Involving Students with Learning Disabilities. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 48, Article 12. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.04812
Maatuk, A. M., Elberkawi, E. K., Aljawarneh, S., Rashaideh, H., & Alharbi, H. (2022). The COVID-19 Pandemic and E-Learning: Challenges and Opportunities from the Perspective of Students and Instructors. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 34, 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-021-09274-2
Moore, M. (2022). Coaching Theories: A Scientific Foundation for Coaching Competencies in Medical Education (pp. 1-160). Coaching in Medical Education-E-Book.
Müller, C., & Mildenberger, T. (2021). Facilitating Flexible Learning by Replacing Classroom Time with an Online Learning Environment: A Systematic Review of Blended Learning in Higher Education. Educational Research Review, 34, Article 100394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100394
Mystakidis, S., Berki, E., & Valtanen, J.-P. (2021). Deep and Meaningful E-Learning with Social Virtual Reality Environments in Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review. Applied Sciences, 11, Article 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052412
Naim, A. (2021). Application of Quality Matters in Digital Learning in Higher Education. Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1, 3-12.
Nugent, G. C., Kunz, G. M., Houston, J., Kalutskaya, I., & Pedersen, J. (2017). The Effectiveness of E-Coaching in Rural Science Classrooms. In G. Nugent, G. Kunz, S. Sheridan, T. Glover, & L. Knoche (Eds.), Rural Education Research in the United States (pp. 123-144). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42940-3_7
O’Brien, K. M., Regan, K., Coogle, C. G., Ottley, J. R., & Nagro, S. A. (2021). Impact of eCoaching with Video-Based Reflection on Special Education Teacher Candidates’ Instructional Skills. Teacher Education and Special Education, 44, 160-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406420964732
Okorie, C. O., Ogba, F. N., Amujiri, B. A., Nwankwo, F. M., Oforka, T. O., Igu, N. C. et al. (2022). Zoom-Based GROW Coaching Intervention for Improving Subjective Well- Being in a Sample of School Administrators: A Randomized Control Trial. Internet Interventions, 29, Article 100549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2022.100549
Olszewski-Kubilius, P. (2013). Connecting Learning Inside and Outside of School. Parenting for High Potential, 2, 1-2.
Orth, D., & Schuldis, P. M. (2021). Organizational Learning and Unlearning Capabilities for Resilience during COVID-19. The Learning Organization, 28, 509-522. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-07-2020-0130
Pakhomova, T. O., Komova, O. S., Belia, V. V., Yivzhenko, Y. V., & Demidko, E. V. (2021). Transformation of the Pedagogical Process in Higher Education during the Quarantine. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5, 215-230. https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5nS2.1341
Petsani, D., Mantziari, D., Zilidou, V., Konstantinidis, E. I., Billis, A., Timoleon, M. et al. (2019). Co-Design the Future CAPTAIN System with Older Adults: Focusing on the E-Coaching Dimensions. In The Proceedings of the 12th ACM International Conference on Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (pp. 639-644). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3316782.3322765
Pulley, M. (2007). E-Coaching: Supporting Leadership Coaching with Technology (Section I: Blended Coaching). In 22nd Annual Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology Conference.
Rahmadi, M. H., Riyadi, S. S., Mintarti, S., Hariyadi, S., Suharto, R. B., & Setini, M. (2021). Effect of E-Coaching and Learning Styles on the Performance Training Participants. Webology, 18, 1002-1014. https://doi.org/10.14704/WEB/V18SI05/WEB18277
Rajabpour, E. (2016). E-Coaching: Web-Based Innovation. Quarterly Journal of Training and Development of Human Resources, 2, 1-10.
Regan, K., Weiss, M. P., & Evmenova, A. (2017). Using eCoaching to Improve Practice of Novice Teacher Educators. Journal of Teaching and Learning with Technology, 6, 45-64. https://doi.org/10.14434/jotlt.v6.n1.21321
Ribbers, A., & Waringa, A. (2015). E-Coaching: Theory and Practice for a New Online Approach to Coaching. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315771670
Rock, M. L., Schumacker, R. E., Gregg, M., Howard, P. W., Gable, R. A., & Zigmond, N. (2014). How Are They Now? Longer Term Effects of eCoaching through Online Bug- in-Ear Technology. Teacher Education and Special Education, 37, 161-181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406414525048
Roger, E. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations. The Free Press.
Sailer, M., Schultz-Pernice, F., & Fischer, F. (2021). Contextual Facilitators for Learning Activities Involving Technology in Higher Education: The C?-Model. Computers in Human Behavior, 121, Article 106794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106794
Salas-Pilco, S. Z., Yang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Student Engagement in Online Learning in Latin American Higher Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53, 593-619. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13190
Setiyawan, J., & Santoso, H. B. (2022). Factors Affecting User Acceptance of E-Learning Implementation in the Context of Higher Education: A Case Study of Health Science. Journal of Educators Online, 19. https://doi.org/10.9743/JEO.2022.19.1.9
Shahidi, N., Tossan, V., & Cacho-Elizondo, S. (2018). Assessment of a Mobile Educational Coaching App: Exploring Adoption Patterns and Barriers in France. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction (IJTHI), 14, 22-43. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJTHI.2018010102
Single, P. B., & Single, R. M. (2005). E-Mentoring for Social Equity: Review of Research to Inform Program Development. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 13, 301-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611260500107481
Spence, G. B., & Grant, A. M. (2007). Professional and Peer Life Coaching and the Enhancement of Goal Striving and Well-Being: An Exploratory Study. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 185-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228896
Statista (2022). Number of Internet and Social Media Users Worldwide as of July 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/
Stein, D. S., & Wanstreet, C. E. (2020). e-Coaching Success Strategies for Synchronous Discussions. Distance Learning, 17, 113-118.
Stein, D. S., Wanstreet, C. E., Slagle, P., Trinko, L. A., & Lutz, M. (2013). From ‘Hello’ to Higher-Order Thinking: The Effect of Coaching and Feedback on Online Chats. The Internet and Higher Education, 16, 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2012.03.001
Stone, F. M. (2004). The Mentoring Advantage: Creating the Next Generation of Leaders. Kaplan Business.
Suherlan, H., Basir, A., Syakhrani, A. W., Ningsi, B. A., & Nofirman, N. (2022). The Roles of Digital Application Innovates Student Academic in Higher Education. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 5, 672-689.
Suk Hwang, Y., & Vrongistinos, K. (2012). Using Blackboard and Skype for Mentoring Beginning Teachers. American Journal of Distance Education, 26, 172-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2012.697019
Suthers, D. D. (2006). Technology Affordances for Intersubjective Meaning Making: A Research Agenda for CSCL. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 1, 315-337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-006-9660-y
Ting, S., & Scisco, P. (2006). The CCL Handbook of Coaching: A Guide for the Leader Coach (Vol. 30). John Wiley & Sons.
Uysal, C., Sani-Bozkurt, S., Bozkus-Genc, G., & Gurgur, H. (2021). Empowering Teachers Who Work in Inclusive Practices: E-Coaching. In A. Bozkurt (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Emerging Pedagogies for the Future of Education: Trauma-Informed, Care, and Pandemic Pedagogy (pp. 386-400). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7275-7.ch020
Uziak, J., Oladiran, M. T., Lorencowicz, E., & Becker, K. (2018). Students’ and Instructor’s Perspective on the Use of Blackboard Platform for Delivering an Engineering Course. The Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 16, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.34190/ejel.16.1.2367
Vrij, A., Akehurst, L., Soukara, S., & Bull, R. (2002). Will the Truth Come Out? The Effect of Deception, Age, Status, Coaching, and Social Skills on CBCA Scores. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 261-283. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015313120905