A good teaching and learning session is much more dependent on the aspects of the teacher’s subject content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge and technological content knowledge. All these elements could be developed through the teacher’s continuous effort and require the teacher’s professional development in using digital technology. Integrating digital technology in teaching and learning plays a big role in effective instruction. It became essential in providing a meaningful learning experience for the students. This study is a conceptualization of the trends of using technology in the teaching of statistics and probability using digital technology. This study explored the learning environment for statistics and probability. Qualitative explorations were used to identify trends in how statistics and probability websites and online applications were used. The result demonstrates the emerging trends in teaching and learning statistics and probability by integrating digital technology which could enhance students’ statical and probability thinking. Hence, it can be concluded that teachers should focus more on the ability to use digital technology as well as statistical knowledge and pedagogical knowledge. The implications are teachers’ effective instruction and communication, students’ learning motivation and could improve students’ mathematics achievement. In conclusion, this study recommended that teachers should include using digital technology in their statistics and probability teaching and learning. The development of teaching and learning skills using digital technology could enhance students’ abilities like critical thinking, data analysis, and mathematical reasoning. To maximize the advantages of using digital technology in the classroom teachers need to concentrate on improving students’ learning skills in probability statistics and pay attention to the technical aspect of teaching statistics and probability using digital technology.
KeywordsStatistics and Probability Teaching and LearningDigital Technology PedagogyStatistics and Probability ThinkingStatistics and Probability ReasoningStatistics and Probability Literacy
Aizikovitsh-Udi, E. (2019). Construction of Critical Thinking Skills by the Infusion Approach in “Probability and Statistics in Daily Life”. In Eleventh Congress of the European Society for Research in Mathematics Education (No. 2). Freudenthal Group, Freudenthal Institute, ERME.
Aizikovitsh-Udi, E., & Amit, M. (2011). Developing the Skills of Critical and Creative Thinking by Probability Teaching. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1087-1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.243
Bajuri, M. R., Abdul Rahim, S. S., Mohd Shahali, E. H., & Maat, S. M. (2021). Influence of Spirituality in the Career and STEM-Based Research Approach of Scientists for Sustainable Development: A Study on the Perspective of Scientists from a Public Research University in Malaysia. Sustainability, 13, Article 11161. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011161
Bajuri, M. R., Rasid, N. S. M., Hassan, R., & Aman, S. (2023). Sustainability Educational Leadership and Management for Stem-Based Approach: An Expert Qualitative Formulization. Mojem: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management, 11, 63-91.
Bajuri, M. R., Siri, Z., & Abdullah, M. N. S. (2022). Mathematical Modeling Research Output Impacting New Technological Development: An Axiomatization to Build Novelty. Axioms, 11, Article 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11060264
Batanero, C., Chernoff, E. J., Engel, J., Lee, H., & Sanchez, E. (2016). Research on Teaching and Learning Probability. Springer Open. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31625-3
Cai, S., Liu, E., Shen, Y., Liu, C., Li, S., & Shen, Y. (2020). Probability Learning in Mathematics Using Augmented Reality: Impact on Student’s Learning Gains and Attitudes. Interactive Learning Environments, 28, 560-573. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1696839
Cai, S., Liu, E., Yang, Y., & Liang, J. C. (2019). Tablet-Based AR technology: Impacts on Students’ Conceptions and Approaches to Learning Mathematics According to Their Self-Efficacy. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50, 248-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12718
Chan, S. W., & Ismail, Z. (2012). The Role of Information Technology in Developing Students’ Statistical Reasoning. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 3660-3664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.123
Denovan, A., Dagnall, N., Drinkwater, K., Parker, A., & Clough P. (2017). Perception of Risk and Terrorism-Related Behavior Change: Dual Influences of Probabilistic Reasoning and Reality Testing. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 1721. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01721
Dimiceli, V. E., Lang, A. S. I. D., & Locke, L. (2010). Teaching calculus with Wolfram|Alpha. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 41, 1061-1071. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2010.493241
Donati, M. A., Panno, A., Chiesi, F., & Primi, C. (2014). A Mediation Model to Explain Decision Making under Conditions of Risk among Adolescents: The Role of Fluid Intelligence and Probabilistic Reasoning. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36, 588-595. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.918091
Dong, L.-F., & Liu, Y. (2022). Design of Performance Evaluation Algorithm for Diversified Talent Training in Modern Universities Considering Innovative Thinking. Mobile Information Systems, 2022, Article ID 2374468. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2374468
Fundel, V. J., Fleischhut, N., Herzog, S. M., Gober, M., & Hagedorn, R. (2019). Promoting the Use of Probabilistic Weather Forecasts through a Dialogue between Scientists, Developers and End-Users. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145, 210-231. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3482
Gupta, B. N. (2022). Business Statistics. SBPD Publications.
Hadi, S., Retnawati, H., Munadi, S., Apino, E., & Wulandari, N. F. (2018). The Difficulties of High School Students in Solving Higher-Order Thinking Skills Problems. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 76, 520-532. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/18.76.520
Hassan, R., Jaferi, N. R., Boon, Y., Ahmad, J., Hassan, Z., & Bajuri, M. R. (2022). Professional Learning Community Practise: Exploring Malaysia Primary School Teacher Strategies. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management, 10, 74-91.
Heid, M. K. (2005). Technology in Mathematics Education: Tapping into Visions of the Future. Technology-Supported Mathematics Learning Environments, 67, 345-366.
Jamal, N. F., Ghafar, N. M. A., Ismail, I. L., Awang, C. M., & Baharuddin, M. S. (2020). Learning Mathematical Statistics in Massive open Online Courses (MOOCs). International Journal of Modern Education, 2, 38-45. https://doi.org/10.35631/IJMOE.25005
Jehanzaib, M., Sattar, M. N., Lee, J. H., & Kim, T. W. (2020). Investigating Effect of Climate Change on Drought Propagation from Meteorological to Hydrological Drought Using Multi-Model Ensemble Projections. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 34, 7-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-019-01760-5
Koirala, H. P., & Bowman, J. K. (2003). Preparing Middle Level Preservice Teachers to Integrate Mathematics and Science: Problems and Possibilities. School Science and Mathematics, 103, 145-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2003.tb18231.x
Krishnasamy, S., Ling, L. S., & Kim, T. (2020). Improving Learning Experience of Probability and Statistics using Multimedia System. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15, 77-87.
Kus, M., & Cakiroglu, E. (2020). Prospective Mathematics Teachers’ Critical Thinking Processes about Scientific Research: Newspaper Article Example. Turkish Journal of Education, 9, 22-45. https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.605456
Lanuza, M. H., Mendoza, R. V., Bayan, R. J. R., Elipane, L., Dimaculangan, K. A. C., & Hilario, F. F. (2020). A Gamification Technique through the Method of a Lesson Study in Teaching Probability. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9, 3734-3740.
Lin, L., Lee, T., & Snyder, L. A. (2018). Math Self-Efficacy and STEM Intentions: A Person-Centered Approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 2033. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02033
Liu, F., Ritzhaupt, A. D., Dawson, K., & Barron, A. E. (2017). Explaining Technology Integration in K-12 Classrooms: A Multilevel Path Analysis Model. Educational Technology Research and Development, 65, 795-813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-016-9487-9
Liu, J., Liu, Q., Zhang, J., Shao, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2022). The Trajectory of Chinese Mathematics Textbook Development for Supporting Students’ Interest within the Curriculum Reform: A Grade Eight Example. ZDM—Mathematics Education, 54, 625-637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-022-01372-4
Livingston, S. (2016). Classroom Technologies Narrow Education Gap in Developing Countries. BROOKINGS. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/classroom-technologies-narrow-education-gap-in-developing-countries/
Luy, M., Zannella, M., Wegner-Siegmundt, C., Minagawa, Y., Lutz, W., & Caselli, G. (2019).The Impact of Increasing Education Levels on Rising Life Expectancy: A Decomposition Analysis for Italy, Denmark, and the USA. Genus, 75, Article No. 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-019-0055-0
Maba, W. (2017). Teacher’s Perception on the Implementation of the Assessment Process in 2013 Curriculum. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (IJSSH), 1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v1n2.26
MacIntyre, J., Zhao, J., & Ma, X. (2020). The 2020 International Conference on Machine Learning and Big Data Analytics for IoT Security and Privacy. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62743-0
Maros, M. E., Capper, D., Jones, D. T., Hovestadt, V., von Deimling, A., Pfister, S. M. et al. (2020). Machine Learning Workflows to Estimate Class Probabilities for Precision Cancer Diagnostics on DNA Methylation Microarray Data. Nature Protocols, 15, 479-512. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-019-0251-6
Martin-Gonzalez, A., Chi-Poot, A., & Uc-Cetina V. (2016). Usability Evaluation of an Augmented Reality System for Teaching Euclidean Vectors. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 53, 627-636. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2015.1108856
Nikolic, V., Petkovic, D., Denic, N., Milovancevic, M., & Gavrilovic, S. (2019). Appraisal and Review of E-Learning and ICT Systems in Teaching Process. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 513, 456-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2018.09.003
OECD (2011). Statistics Canada Literacy for Life: Further Results from the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey. OECD Publishing.
Park, R. (2018). Practical Teaching Strategies for Hypothesis Testing. The American Statistician. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2018.1424034
Polhun, K., Kramarenko, T., Maloivan, M., & Tomilina, A. (2021). Shift from bLended Learning to Distance One during the Lockdown Period Using Moodle: Test Control of Students’ Academic Achievement and Analysis of Its Results. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1840, Article 012053. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1840/1/012053
Primi, C., Donati, M. A., & Chiesi, F. (2018). The Role of Statistics Anxiety in Learning Probability. In C. Batanero, & E. Chernoff (Eds.), Teaching and Learning Stochastics (pp. 145-157). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72871-1_9
Primi, C., Morsanyi, K., Donati, M. A., Galli, S., & Chiesi, F. (2017). Measuring Probabilistic Reasoning: The Construction of a New Scale Applying Item Response Theory. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 30, 933-950. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2011
Purnomo, Y. W., Shahrill, M., Pandansari, O., Susanti, R., & Winarni, W. (2022). Cognitive Demands on Geometrical Tasks in Indonesian Elementary School Mathematics Textbook. Jurnal Elemen, 8, 466-479. https://doi.org/10.29408/jel.v8i2.5235
Resnik, P., & Schallmoser, C. (2019). Enjoyment as a Key to Success? Links between E-Tandem Language Learning and Tertiary Students’ Foreign Language Enjoyment. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 9, 541-564. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2019.9.3.6
Reyna, V. F., Nelson, W. L., Han, P. K.., & Dieckmann, N. F. (2009). How Numeracy Influences Risk Comprehension and Medical Decision Making. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 943-973. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017327
Rodríguez-Muniz, L. J., Díaz, P., & Muniz-Rodríguez, L. (2019). Statistics and Probability in the Spanish Baccalaureate: Intended Curriculum and Implementation in Textbooks. 24th ICMI Study Conference on School Mathematics Curriculum Reforms: Challenges, Changes and Opportunities (pp. 413-420). ICMI Study.
Sabbag, A., Garfield, J., & Zieffler, A. (2018). Assessing Statistical Literacy and Statistical Reasoning: The REALI Instrument. Statistics Education Research Journal, 17, 141-160. https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v17i2.163
Sharon, N. (2017). Educational Technology. https://elearningindustry.com/need-know-educational-soft-ware
Simpson, O. (2018). Supporting Students in Online, Open and Distance Learning. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203417003
Tchantchane, A., Fortes, P., & Koshy, S. (2012). An Evaluation of Technology Integration in Teaching Statistics. International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 7, 16-27. https://doi.org/10.4018/jwltt.2012040102
Thorpe, J. A. (2018). Algebra: What Should We Teach and How Should We Teach It? In S. Wagner, & C. Kieran (Eds.), Research Issues in the Learning and Teaching of Algebra (pp. 11-24). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315044378-2
Zakariya, Y. F., Nilsen, H. K., Goodchild, S., & Bjorkestol, K. (2020). Self-Efficacy and Approaches to Learning Mathematics among Engineering Students: Empirical Evidence for Potential Causal Relations. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 53, 827-841. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2020.1783006
Zetriuslita, Z., Nofriyandi, N., & Istikomah, E. (2020). The Effect of Geogebra-Assisted Direct Instruction on Students’ Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulation. Infinity: Journal of Mathematics Education, 9, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v9i1.p41-48