Workplace Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Implications for Nursing Education and Practice —A Scoping Review

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare systems is transforming clinical workflows, decision-making, and professional roles. While AI offers opportunities to improve patient outcomes and operational efficiency, it also introduces complex workplace challenges, particularly for the nursing workforce. Objectives: This scoping review aims to synthesize current evidence on AI-related workplace challenges in healthcare and to examine implications for nursing education and practice. Methods: The PRISMA-ScR methodology and predefined inclusion criteria were used to screen studies, and data were extracted and analyzed to identify themes related to workplace challenges. Results: Seven major themes were identified: 1) workforce disruption and role transformation, 2) AI literacy and competency gaps, 3) workflow disruption and integration challenges, 4) trust, acceptance, and professional resistance, 5) ethical and legal concerns, 6) data quality and infrastructure limitations, and 7) impacts on patient care and professional identity. These themes highlight significant preparedness gaps among nurses and healthcare organizations. Conclusions: AI integration in healthcare requires a human-centered approach that prioritizes workforce readiness, ethical governance, and educational reform. Nursing education must evolve to incorporate AI competencies, critical thinking, and digital literacy, preparing future nurses for AI-enabled environments .