298 fifth graders’ motivational styles were measured using the Treatment Self-Regulatory Questionnaire prior to and six weeks following a creative student-centred anti-smoking intervention in secondary schools. In this paper we can clearly show that our creative learning setting leads to a significant increase in autonomous motivation and a decrease in controlled motivation. Autonomously motivated pupils had less or no experience with cigarettes. Pupils’ main guesses about when or why young people smoke, are curiosity or being together with others. We conclude that such a short-term preventative intervention with different creative educational methods positively affects pupils’ health self-regulation.
Botvin, G. J., Baker, E., Filazzola, A. D., & Botvin, E. M. (1990). A cognitive-behavioral approach to substance abuse prevention: One year follow-up. Addictive Behaviors, 15, 47-63. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(90)90006-J
Botvin, G. J., Baker, E., Renick, N. L., Filazzola, A. D., & Botvin, E. M. (1984). A cognitive-behavioral approach to substance abuse prevention. Addictive Behaviors, 9, 137-147. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(84)90051-0
Botvin, G. J., Griffin, K. W., Paul, E., & Macaulay, A. P. (2003). Preventing tobacco and alcohol use among elementary school students through life skills training. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 12, 1-17. doi:10.1300/J029v12n04_01
Brown, S., Birch D., Thyagaraj S., Teufel J., & Phillips C. (2007). Effects of a single-lesson tobacco prevention curriculum on knowledge, skill identification and smoking intention. Journal of Drug Education, 37, 55-69. doi:10.2190/638J-J7G2-4T58-28JU
Bruvold, W. H. (1993). A meta-analysis of adolescent smoking prevention programs. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 872-880. doi:10.2105/AJPH.83.6.872
BZgA (2004). Drug affinity among young people in the Federal Republic of Germany 2004. K?ln: BZgA.
Carlhoff, H.-W. (1982). Rauchgewohnheiten bei Schüler des 4. Schuljahres. In DHS (Hrsg.), Rauchen oder Gesundheit. Politische, pr?ventive und therapeutische Aspekte. Hamburg, 88.
Christianson, R. G., & Fisher, K. M. (1999). Comparison of student learning about diffusion and osmosis in constructivist and traditional classrooms. International Journal of Science Education, 21, 687-698. doi:10.1080/095006999290516
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Publishing Co.
Dijk, F., de Nooijer, J., Heinrich, E., & de Vries, H. (2007). Adolescents’ view on smoking, quitting and health education. Health Education, 107, 114-125. doi:10.1108/09654280710731539
Epps, R. P., & Manley, M. W. (1993). Prevention of tobacce use during childhood and adolescence. Cancer Supplement, 72, 1002-1004. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19930801)72:3+ 3.0.CO;2-G
Freeman, D., Brucks, M., & Wallendorf, M. (2005). Young children’s understanding of cigarette smoking. Addiction, 100, 1537-1545. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01195.x
Furr-Holden, C. D. M., Ialongo, N. S., Anthony, J. C., Petras, H., & Kellam, S. G. (2004). Developmentally inspired drug prevention: Middle school outcomes in a school-based randomized prevention trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73, 149-158. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.002
Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Parent styles associated with children’s self-regulation and competence in school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 143-154. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.2.143
Israel, B. A., Cummings, K. M., Dignan, M. B., Heaney, C. A., Perales, D. P., Simons-Morton, B. G., & Zimmermann, M. A. (1995). Evaluation of health education programs: Current assessment and future directions. Health Education Quarterly, 22, 364-389. doi:10.1177/109019819402200308
Jackson, C. (1997). Initial and experimental stages of tobacco and alcohol use during late childhood: Relation to peer, parent, and personal risk factors. Addicitve Behaviors, 22, 685-698. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(97)00005-1
J?rvelaid, M. (2004). Adolescent tobacco smoking and associated psychosocial health risk factors. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 22, 50-53. doi:10.1080/02813430310000988
Kobus, K. (2003). Peers and adolescent smoking. Addiction, 98, 37-55. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.98.s1.4.x
Kremers, S. P. J., de Vries, H., Mudde, A. N., & Candel, M. (2004). Motivational stages of adolescent smoking initiation: Predictive validity and predictors of transitions. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 781-789. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.007
Levesque, C. S., Williams, G. C., Elliot, D., Pickering, M. A., Bodenhamer, B., & Finley, P. J. (2007). Validating the theoretical structure of the Treatment Self-regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) across three different health behaviors. Health Education Research, 22, 691-702. doi:10.1093/her/cyl148
Lord, T. R. (1997). A comparison between traditional and constructivist teaching in college biology. Innovative Higher Education, 21, 197- 216. doi:10.1007/BF01243716
Lord, T. R. (2001). 101 reasons for using cooperative learning in biology teaching. The American Biology Teacher, 63, 30-38. doi:10.2307/4451027
Lucas, K., & Lloyd, B. (1999). Starting smoking: Girls’ explanations of the influence of peers. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 647-655. doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0260
Lynagh, M., Schofield, M. J., & Sanson-Fisher, R. W. (1997). School health promotion programs over the past decade: A review of the smoking, alcohol and solar protection literature. Health Promotion International, 12, 43-60. doi:10.1093/heapro/12.1.43
Mayhew, K. P., Flay, B. R., & Mott, J. A. (2000). Stages in the development of adolescent smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 59, 61-81. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00165-9
Maziak, W., Rzehak, P., Keil, U., & Weiland, S. K. (2003). Smoking among adolescents in Muenster, Germany: Increase in prevalence (1995-2000) and relation to tobacco advertising. Preventive Medicine, 36, 172-176. doi:10.1016/S0091-7435(02)00020-8
McCool, J. P., Cameron, L. D., & Petrie, K. J. (2001). Adolescent perceptions of smoking imagery in film. Social Science & Medicine, 52, 1577-1587. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00270-7
Milton, B., Woods, S. E., Dugdill, L., Porcellato, L., & Springett, R. J. (2008). Starting young? Children’s experiences of trying smoking during pre-adolescence. Health Education Research, 23, 298-309. doi:10.1093/her/cym027
Nic Gabhainn, S., & Kelleher, C. C. (2000). School health education and gender: An interactive effect? Health Education Research, 15, 591-602. doi:10.1093/her/15.5.591
Pierce, J. P., Distefan, J. M., Kaplan, R. M., & Gilpin, E. A. (2005). The role of curiosity in smoking initiation. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 685-696. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.08.014
Randler, C., & Bogner, F. X. (2006). Cognitive achievements in identification skills. Journal of Biological Education, 40, 1-5.
Rosendahl, K. I., Galanti, M. R., Gilljam, H., & Ahlbom, A. (2005). Knowledge about tobacco and subsequent use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco among Swedish adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37, 224-228. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.08.021
Rundall, T. G., & Bruvold, W. H. (1988). A meta-analysis of schoolbased smoking and alcohol use prevention programs. Health Education Quarterly, 15, 317-334. doi:10.1177/109019818801500306
Ryan, R. M., & Connell, J. P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749-761. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.749
Sturm, H., & Bogner, F. (2008). Student-oriented versus teacher-centred: The effect of learning at workstations about birds and bird flight on cognitive achievement and motivation. International Journal of Science Education, 30, 941-959. doi:10.1080/09500690701313995
Tobler, N. S., Roona, M. R. Ochshorn, P., Marshall, D. G., Streke, A. V., & Stackpole, K. M. (2000). School-based adolescent drug prevention programs: 1998 meta-analysis. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 20, 275-336. doi:10.1023/A:1021362620740
Williams, G. C., Cox, E. M., Kouides, R., & Deci, E. L. (1999). Presenting the facts about smoking to adolescents—Effects of an autonomy-supportive style. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153, 959-964. doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.9.959
Williams, G. C., Gagné, M., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Facilitating autonomous motivation for smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 21, 40-50. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.1.40
Williams G. C., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (n.d.) Health care, SDT packet. URL (last checked 18 December 2010). http://www.psych.rochester .edu/SDT/measures/hc_ description.php