A Preliminary Study in the Effect of <i>Astragali radix</i>, a Qi-Invigorating Herb, on Mitochondria: Insights at Cellular Level and Mouse Tissues Level — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
A Preliminary Study in the Effect of <i>Astragali radix</i>, a Qi-Invigorating Herb, on Mitochondria: Insights at Cellular Level and Mouse Tissues Level
ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
,
ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
,
ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
,
ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
,
ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
,
ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
,
ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
,
ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
,
Quantum Biology Research Laboratory, Ridgway, USA
,
ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
,
ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
1 ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
2 ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
3 ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
4 ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
5 ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
6 ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
7 ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
8 ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
9 Quantum Biology Research Laboratory, Ridgway, USA
10 ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
11 ENNOVA Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
Objectives </i>: To explore the effects of Qi-invigorating herbs on mitochondrial function using cultured cells and animal organs. <i> Methods </i>: Using water extracts of <i> Astragali radix </i>, we investigated the effect of “Qi-invigoration” on M-1 renal cells and mouse organs <i> in-vitro </i> including total adenylate production (TAP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). We also examined the effect on antioxidant capacity by conducting an analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). <i> Results </i>: 1) <i> Astragali radix </i> increased mitochondrial TAP generation and decreased ROS levels in both mouse kidney tissues and M-1 renal cells. 2) <i> Astragali radix </i> also significantly increased MMP and GSH levels in M-1 cells, but in the kidney tissue , there was no significant change in MMP levels and a decrease in GSH levels. 3) <i> Astragali radix </i> stimulated TAP levels in the heart, spleen, lung, kidney and skeletal muscle tissue, which was accompanied by the reduction of ROS. 4) For the meridian organs that <i> Astragali radix </i> belongs to, the energy production and antioxidant capacity were boosted simultaneously. <i> Conclusions </i>: These results provide new insights for the biochemical b asis of Qi-invigoration and the meridian tropism theory for this Qi-invigora ting herb.
Zhang, W.M., Ma, W.R., Zhang, J., Song, X.P., Sun, W.J. and Fan, Y.P. (2017) The Immunoregulatory Activities of Astragalus Polysaccharide Liposome on Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 105, 852-861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.108
Chen, R.F., Shao, H., Lin, S.Q., Zhang, J.J. and Xu, K.Q. (2011) Treatment with Astragalus membranaceus Produces Antioxidative Effects and Attenuates Intestinal Mucosa Injury Induced by Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 39, 879-887. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x11009275
Zhang, P.J., Wang, J., Wang, W.X., Liu, X.H., Liu, H.Y., Li, X.T. and Wu, X.H. (2017) Astragalus Polysaccharides Enhance the Immune Response to Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination in Chickens. Microbial pathogenesis, 111, 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.023
Zhang, J., Gu, J.Y., Chen, Z.S., Xing, K.C. and Sun, B. (2015) Astragalus Polysaccharide Suppresses Palmitate-Induced Apoptosis in Human Cardiac Myocytes: The Role of Nrf1 and Antioxidant Response. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 8, 2515-2524. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4440066/
Shao, B.M., Xu, W., Dai, H., Tu, P.F., Li, Z.J. and Gao, X.M. (2004) A study on the Immune Receptors for Polysaccharides from the Roots of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese Medicinal Herb. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 320, 1103-1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.065
Zhou, Q.L., Meng, G.W., Teng, F., Sun, Q. and Zhang, Y.S. (2018) Effects of Astragalus Polysaccharide on Apoptosis of Myocardial Microvascular Endothelial Cells in Rats Undergoing Hypoxia/Reoxygenation by Mediation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS Signaling Pathway. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 119, 806-816. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26243
Shahzad, M., Shabbir, A., Wojcikowski, K., Wohlmuth, H. and Gobe, C.G. (2016) The Antioxidant Effects of Radix Astragali (Astragalus membranaceus and Related Species) in Protecting Tissues from Injury and Disease. Current Drug Targets, 17, 1331-1340. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389450116666150907104742
Liu, Y.B., Fiskum, G. and Schubert, D. (2002) Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by the Mitochondrial Electron Transport CHAIN. Journal of Neurochemistry, 80, 780-787. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-3042.2002.00744.x
Li, X.X., Qu, L., Dong, Y.Z., Han, L.F., Liu, E.W., Fang, S.M., Zhang, Y. and Wang, T. (2014) A Review of Recent Research Progress on the Astragalus Genus. Molecules, 19, 18850-18880. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191118850
Murphy, M.P. (2009) How Mitochondria Produce Reactive Oxygen Species. Biochemical Journal, 417, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20081386
Hegde, M.L., Mantha, A.K., Hazra, T.K., Bhakat, K.K., Mitra, S. and Szczesny, B. (2012) Oxidative Genome Damage and Its Repair: Implications in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 133, 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2012.01.005
Ryan, B.J., Hoek, S., Fon, E.A. and Wade-Martins, R. (2015) Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Mitophagy in Parkinson’s: From Familial to Sporadic Disease. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 40, 200-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2015.02.003
Chakrabarty, S., Kabekkodu, S.P., Singh, R.P., Thangaraj, K., Singh, K.K. and Satyamoorthy, K. (2018) Mitochondria in Health and Disease. Mitochondrion, 43, 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2018.06.006
Yang, F., Yan, G., Li, Y., Han, Z., Zhang, L., Chen, S., Feng, C., Huang, Q., Ding, F. and Yu, Y. (2016) Astragalus Polysaccharide Attenuated Iron Overload-Induced Dysfunction of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Via Suppressing Mitochondrial ROS. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 39, 1369-1379. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447841
Huang, Y.F., Lu, L., Zhu, D.J., Wang, M., Yin, Y., Chen, D.X. and Wei, L.B. (2016) Effects of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Dysfunction of Mitochondrial Dynamics Induced by Oxidative Stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, Article ID: 9573291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9573291
Liu, H., Chen, S., Guo, C., Tang, W., Liu, W. and Liu, Y. (2018) Astragalus Polysaccharide Protects Neurons and Stabilizes Mitochondrial in a Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 24, 5192-5199. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.908021
Li, X.-T., Zhang, Y.-K., Kuang, H.-X., Jin, F.-X., Liu, D.-W., Gao, M.-B., Liu, Z. and Xin, X.-J. (2012) Mitochondrial Protection and Anti-Aging Activity of Astragalus Polysaccharides and Their Potential Mechanism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13, 1747-1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13021747
Chen, Y.J., Wu, X.X. and Li, T.J. (2018) A Method for Detecting the Energy of Organism. Patent No. 11422682.
Leung, H.Y., Chiu, P.Y., Poon, M.K. and Ko, K.M. (2005) A Yang-Invigorating Chinese Herbal Formula Enhances Mitochondrial Functional Ability and Antioxidant Capacity in Various Tissues of Male and Female Rats. Rejuvenation Research, 8, 238-247. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2005.8.238
Gao, X.M. (2007) Chinese Material Medicine. China Press of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing.
Li, X.T., Zhang, J.J. and Chen, W.W. (2000) The Effects of TCM Qi-Invigorating, Qi Regulating Drugs and Polysaccharides on the Energy Charge of Rat Skeletal Muscle Cells. Journal of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 23, 36-38. https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-JZYB200005011.htm
Wong, H.S., Cheung, W.F., Tang, W.L. and Ko, K.M. (2012) “Qi-Invigorating” Chinese Tonic Herbs (Shens) Stimulate Mitochondrial ATP Generation Capacity in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes in Situ and Rat Hearts ex Vivo. Chinese Medicine, 3, 101-105. https://doi.org/10.4236/cm.2012.32016
Leong, P.K., Leung, H.Y., Chan, W.M. and Ko, K.M. (2019) Pharmacological Investigation of “Meridian Tropism” in Three “Shen” Chinese Herbs. Chinese Medicine, 10, 121-135. https://doi.org/10.4236/cm.2019.104007
Mitchel, E.D. and Staretz, R. (2011) The Quantum Hologram And the Nature of Consciousness. Journal of Cosmology, 14, 1-9. http://journalofcosmology.com/Consciousness149.html