Determination of Cichoric Acid as a Biomarker in Echinacea Purpurea Cultivated in Iran Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Determination of Cichoric Acid as a Biomarker in Echinacea Purpurea Cultivated in Iran Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Echinacea purpurea (Purple coneflower) is an immunostimulating drug, containing multiple substances. The most important substance in activity is polysaccharide, caffeic acid derivatives (cichoric acid), alkamides and glycoproteins. It is not clear yet, which substances are responsible for activity. Cichoric acid is an appropriate marker of the quality of Echinacea purpurea containing product, because it has immune stimulatory effects and it is susceptible to degradation. In this study a TLC scanner system and HPLC method has been used for identification and determination of cichoric acid in aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea. The results showed that the cichoric acid content of Echinacea purpurea cultivated in Iran is about 1.50 ± 0.65% (w/w) which is comparable with cichoric acid content in native plants. The local conditions have no significant effect on cichoric acid content as a biomarker of Echinacea purpurea quality.
R. L. Mc Gregor, University of Kansas Science Bulletin, Vol. 48, 1968, p. 113.
S. Soudi, S. M. Hashemi, A. Z. Hosseini, A. Ghaemi and M. A. Jafarabadi, “Antileishmanial Effect of Echinacea purpurea Root Extract Cultivated in Iran,” Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 6, 2007, p.147.
M. Blumenthal, “The Complete German Commission E Monographs”, American Botanical Council, 1999.
S. Percival, “Use of Echinacea in Medicine,” Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol. 2, No. 60, 2002, p. 155.
R. Bauer, “Standardisierung von Echinacea-purpurea－Prebsaft auf Chicoriensaure und Alkamide,” Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie, Vol. 18, 1997, p. 270.
R. Bauer and H. Wagner, “Echinacea, Handbuch fur Ärzte, Apotheker und andere Naturwissenschaftler, Wissens- chaftliche Verlagsgessellschaft GmbH Stuttgart,” 1990, pp.182 .
M. Chavez, L. Chavez and P. I. Chavez, “Echinacea,” Hospital Pharmacy, Vol. 33, 1998, p. 180.
“WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants,” World Health Organization, Geneva, Vol. 1, 1999, pp. 136.
“Graphs on the Medicinal Uses of Plant Drugs,” Fascicule 6, Echinaceae purpureae herba (purple coneflower herb), European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESC- OP), 1999, p.10.
R. Bauer, W. Dorsch, H. J. Gabius, S. Gabius, H. D. Reuter and C. Siegers, “Pharmazeutische Qualität, Stan- dardisierung und Normierung von Phytopharmaka,” Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie, Vol. 15, 1994, p.82.
S. E. Binns, J. Hudson, S. Merali, et al., Antiviral activitiy of characterized extracts from Echinacea sp. (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) against herpes simplex virus type 1, Planta Med, Vol. 68, No. 9, 2002, p. 780.
R. M. Facino, M. Carini, G. Aldini, et al., Echinacoside and caffeoyl conjugates protect collagen from free radi-cal-induced degradation: a potential use of Echinacea ex-tracts in the prevention of skin photodamage. Planta Me-dica, Vol. 61, No. 6, 1995, p. 510.
M. Nardini, M. D. Aquino, G. Tomassi, et al., Inhibition of human low-density lipoprotein oxidation by caffeic acid and other hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, Free Radical. Biology Medicine, Vol. 5, No. 19, 1995, p. 541.
B. D. Sloley, L. J. Urichuk, C. Tywin, et al., Comparison of chemical components and antioxidants capacity of different Echinacea species. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Vol. 53, 2001, p. 849.
M. Nardini, F. Natella, V. Gentili, et al., Effect of caffeic acid dietary supplementation on the antioxidant defense system in rat: an in vivo study. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol. 342, No. 1, 1997, p. 157.
J. Roesler, A. Emmendorfer, C. Steinmuller, et al., Application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant Echinacea purpurea to mice mediates protection against systemic infections with Listeria monocytogenes and Candida albicans. International Journal of Immuno-pharmacology, Vol. 13, No. 7, 1991, p. 931.
H. Wagner, H. Stuppner, W. Schafer, et al., Immun-ologically active polysaccharides of Echinacea purpurea cell cultures. Phytochemistry, Vol. 27, No. 1, 1988, p. 119.
E. Speroni, P. Govoni, S. Guizzardi, et al., “Anti-infiammatory and Cicatrizing Activity of E. Pallid Nutt Root Extract,” Journal Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 2, No. 79, 2001, p. 265.
A. Wacker and W. Hilbig, “Virus-Inhibition by Echinacea Purpurea,” Planta Medica, Vol. 33, 1978, p. 89.
G. Mazza and T. Cottrell, “Volatile Components of Roots, Stems, Leaves, and Flowers of Echinacea Species,” Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, Vol. 47, 1999, p. 3081.
A. Cheminat, R. Zawatzky, H. Becker, et al., “Caffeoyl Conjugates from Echinacea Species: Atructures and Biological Activity,” Phytochemistry, Vol. 9, No. 27, 1998, p. 2787.
B. Mancek and S. Kreft, “Determination of Cichoric Acid Content in Dried Press Juice of Purple Coneflower (Echinacea Purpurea) with Capillary Electrophoresis,” Talanta, Vol. 66, 2005, p. 1094.
J. A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2002.
P. Molgaard, S. Johnsen, P. Christensen and C. Cornett, HPLC Method Validated for the Simultaneous Analysis of Cichoric Acid and Alkamides in Echinacea Purpurea Plants and Products,” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol. 51, No. 24, 2003, p. 6922.
X. B. Luo, B. Chen, S. Yao and Z. J. G. Zeng, “Simulta-neous Analysis of Caffeic Acid Derivatives and Alka-mides in Roots and Extracts of Echinacea Purpurea By High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detection-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 986, 2003, p. 73.
S. Gocan, L. Radu and M. Hdarauga, “Simultaneous Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Hydrophilic Compounds and Lipophilic Compounds (Alkamides) from Pharmaceutical Preparations of Echi-nacea Purpure Root,” Chromatographia, Vol. 57, No. 9-10, 2003, p. 677.
M. Laasonen, T. Wennberg, T. Harmia-Pulkkinen and H. Vuorela, “Simultaneous Analysis of Alkamides and Caffeic Acid Derivatives for the Identification of Echinacea Purpurea, Echinacea Angustifolia, Echinacea Pallida and Parthenium Integrifolium Roots,” Planta Medica, Vol. 68, No. 6, 2002, p. 572.
G. W. Schieffer and M. Kohn, “HPLC Assay of Echina-cea Purpurea/Goldeseal (Hydrastis Canadensis) Combi-nation Formulations for Phenolic Acid, Alkemides and Alkaloids,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography Related Technology, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2002, p. 263.
G. Giancaspro, “Echinacea Purpurea Aerial Parts,” Pharmacopeial Forum, Vol. 30, 2004, p. 557.
R. Pomponio, R. Gotti, M. Hudaib, et al., “Analysis of Phenolic Acids by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography: Application to Echinacea Purpurea Plant Extracts,” Journal of Chromatogrphy A, Vol. 954, 2002, p. 239.
The European Pharmacopoeia Forum (Pharmeuropa), Vol. 16, 2004, p. 545.
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), 28-NF 23, 2005.