WWII dealt a heavy blow to British cities, especially to urban housing provision. The purpose of this research paper is to compare the differences in urban housing supply data and policies in the UK before and after the WWII and draw out some successful experiences and housing policies. With reference to the changes in housing provision in London and Manchester before and after WWII, this essay firstly focuses on an overall development process of housing provision before and after WWII in British industrial cities represented by the two cities through a comparative and analytical data re search method. Then, through comparative analysis, the article compares what effective government policies were put in place to stabilise housing supply before and after the WWII. Before WWII, the government met the large demand for working-class housing by clearing slums and increasing housing construction, while after WWII, the government encouraged the development of counter-urbanisation and dealt some conflicts in the urban-rural fringe to ensure effective urban housing provision.
Abbott, L. F. (2013). Political Barriers to Housebuilding in Britain: A Critical Case Study of Protectionism and Its Industrial-Commercial Effects (Vol. 3). Industrial Systems Research.
Burton, E. (2002). Measuring Urban Compactness in UK Towns and Cities. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 29, 219-250. https://doi.org/10.1068/b2713
Campaign to Protecting Rural England (2010). Green Belts: A Greener Future Green Belts: A Greener Future. A Report by Natural England and the Campaign to Protect Rural England. https://www.cpre.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/FullGreenBeltreport_1.pdf
Chilvers, J. (2008). Deliberating Competence: Theoretical and Practitioner Perspectives on Effective Participatory Appraisal Practice. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 33, 421-451. https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439073075941
Clapson, M. (1998). Invincible Green Suburbs, Brave New Towns: Social Change and Urban Dispersal in Postwar England. Manchester University Press.
Clarke, J. J. (1924). The New Housing Act, 1924. The Town Planning Review, 11, 119-127. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.11.2.u41lr333n8762583
Csatári, B., Farkas, J. Z., & Lennert, J. (2013). Land Use Changes in the Rural-Urban Fringe of Kecskemét after the Economic Transition. Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning, 4, 153-159.
Cuming, E. (2013). “Home Is Home Be It Never So Homely”: Reading Mid-Victorian Slum Interiors. Journal of Victorian Culture, 18, 368-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/13555502.2013.826424
Daunton, M. J. (1991). Health and Housing in Victorian London. Medical History, 35, 126-144. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300071143
Dennis, R. (1989). The Geography of Victorian Values: Philanthropic Housing in London, 1840-1900. Journal of Historical Geography, 15, 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7488(89)80063-5
Department for Communities and Local Government (2017). 50 Years of the English Housing Survey. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/658923/EHS_50th_Anniversary_Report.pdf
Diniejko, A. (2012). Slums and Slumming in Late-Victorian London. Literature, History, and Culture in the Age of Victoria, the Victorian Web.
Dodge, M. (2017). Mapping the Geographies of Manchester’s Housing Problems and the Twentieth Century Solutions. In W. Theakstone (Ed.), Manchester Geographies (pp. 19-36). Manchester Geographical Society.
Dodge, M., & Brook, R. (2013). Manchester Plans—1926-1967. https://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/mappingmanchester/plans
Domestic Council (1976). Report on National Growth and Development. Google Books. U.S. Government Printing Office. https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=_yi2AAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Regarding+the+contradictions+in+urban-rural+fringe
Editors, H. (2010). London Is Devastated by German Air Raid. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/worst-air-raid-on-london
Feinerman, E. et al. (2011). Impact of Counter-Urbanization on Size, Population Mix, and Welfare of an Agricultural Region. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 93, 1032-1047. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aar027
Fertner, C. et al. (2016). Urban Sprawl and Growth Management—Drivers, Impacts and Responses in Selected European and US Cities. Future Cities and Environment, 2, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40984-016-0022-2
Gant, R. L., Robinson, G. M., & Fazal, S. (2011). Land-Use Change in the “Edgelands”: Policies and Pressures in London’s Rural-Urban Fringe. Land Use Policy, 28, 266-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.06.007
Garrett, H., Nicol, S., & Mackay, M. (2020). 100 Years of Council Housing.
Gordon, D. et al. (2003). Review of Rural and Urban Factors Affecting the Costs of Services and Other Implementation Issues.
Griffin, E. (2014). Manchester in the 19th Century. The British Library.
Hall, P. (2014). Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design since 1880. John Wiley and Sons.
Haslam, D. (2002). Manchester/Liverpool. http://shrinkingcities.com/fileadmin/shrink/downloads/pdfs/II.1_Studies1.pdf#page=90
Hasse, J. E., & Lathrop, R. G. (2003). Land Resource Impact Indicators of Urban Sprawl. Applied Geography, 23, 159-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.002
Hicks, J., & Allen, G. (2021). A Century of Change: Trends in UK Statistics since 1900 Social and General Statistics Section House of Commons Library. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP99-111/RP99-111.pdf
Hoffman, S. (2009). The Voluntary Housing Movement in Wales: A Singular. Response to Housing Policy. The Welsh History Review, 24, 104-123. https://doi.org/10.16922/whr.24.3.5
Lamont, D. (2020). What 175 Years of Data Tell Us about House Price Affordability in the UK. https://www.schroders.com/en/insights/economics/what-174-years-of-data-tell-us-about-house-price-affordability-in-the-uk
Leland, J. W. (1970). Neville Chamberlain and British Social Legislation (pp. 1923-1929). The Ohio State University.
Libby, L. W., & Sharp, J. S. (2003) Land-Use Compatibility, Change, and Policy at the Rural-Urban Fringe: Insights from Social Capital. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 85, 1194-1200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2003.00529.x
London Datastore (2022). Housing Supply Data Sources. https://data.london.gov.uk/housing/housing-supply-data-sources
Morris, S. (2001). Market Solutions for Social Problems: Working-Class Housing in Nineteenth-Century London. Economic History Review, 54, 525-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00202
Morris, S. (2002). Organizational Innovation in Victorian Social Housing. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31, 186-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/08964002031002002
Pacione, M. (2013). Private Profit, Public Interest and Land Use Planning—A Conflict Interpretation of Residential Development Pressure in Glasgow’s Rural-Urban Fringe. Land Use Policy, 32, 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.09.013
Parker, S. (1999). From the Slums to the Suburbs: Labour Party Policy, the LCC, and the Woodberry down Estate, Stoke Newington 1934-1961. The London Journal, 24, 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1179/ldn.1999.24.2.51
Ramon, I. O., & James, O. T. (2021). Counter-Urbanization, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Rural Development in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example. Urban and Regional Planning, 6, 47-56.
The National Archives (2019). Medieval Castles. Nationalarchives.gov.uk, 1(1).
UK Parliament (2010). The Fallen. https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/olympic-britain/crime-and-defence/the-fallen
Ward, S. (2004). Planning and Urban Change (pp. 1-320). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446215586
Watt, P., & Minton, A. (2016). London’s Housing Crisis and Its Activisms: Introduction. City, 20, 204-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2016.1151707
Yelling, J. A. (1982). LCC Slum Clearance Policies, 1889-1907. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 7, 292-303. https://doi.org/10.2307/621992