The purpose of this research was to create a model that contributes to the transformation of Riyadh into a sustainable smart city, as well as to assess the extent to which Riyadh meets the requirements of smart cities in light of the proposed model. To achieve the study’s objectives, the descriptive survey method was used, with a questionnaire that included (30) items to collect appropriate data from the study sample, which consisted of (400) specialists in the field of smart sustainable cities. The study’s findings revealed that the m odel for transforming Riyadh into a smart sustainable city is built on a number of components, including sustainable urbanization patterns, urban systems and domains, data sources and storage services, cloud computing, big data applications and services, and urban communities and their activities. The study’s findings also revealed that the developed model’s contribution to the transformation of Riyadh into a smart sustainable city was significant, as the arithmetic mean of the respondents’ responses to the components of the study model as a whole was high (3.85). Based on these findings, the study recommended that the city of Riyadh review the urban patterns of modern residential neighborhoods and increase their environmental efficiency, as well as expand the establishment of urban observatories that deal with urban and environmental affairs and emphasize their role in the interim review of resid ential neighborhoods, which supports the city’s urbanization path. Th e study also recommended that the city of Riyadh develop and build massive data centers distributed across several regions, as well as work to enable the use of renewable energy production sources, in addition to consolidating Riyadh’s ro le as a regional center for cloud computing and an attractive technology investment based on innovation in the region.
Abubakar, I. R., & Aina, Y. A. (2018). Achieving Sustainable Cities in Saudi Arabia: Juggling the Competing Urbanization Challenges. In Information Resources Management Association (Eds.), E-Planning and Collaboration: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 234-255). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5646-6.ch011
Ahvenniemi, H., Huovila, A., Pinto-Seppä, I., & Airaksinen, M. (2017). What Are the Differences between Sustainable and Smart Cities? Cities, 60, 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.009
Aina, Y. A. (2017). Achieving Smart Sustainable Cities with GeoICT Support: The Saudi Evolving Smart Cities. Cities, 71, 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.07.007
Al-Assaf, S. b. H. (2012). Introduction to Research in the Behavioral Sciences. Dar Al Zahraa for Publication and Distribution.
Al-Azzam, M., & Alazzam, M. B. (2019). Smart City and Smart-Health Framework, Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 10, 171-176. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2019.0100223
Albasri, N. A. R. H. (2018). The Impact of Technological Progress in the Spatial Organization of the City Elements. KnE Engineering, 3, 103-114. https://doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i4.2164
Al-Hathloul, S. (2017). Riyadh Development Plans in the Past Fifty Years (1967-2016). Current Urban Studies, 5, 97-120. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2017.51007
Al-Hathloul, S. b. A. (2010). The Arab Islamic City: The Impact of Legislation on the Formation of the Urban Environment. Saudi Society for Urban Sciences.
Al-Qahtani, S., Al-Amiri, A., Al Madhhab, M., & Al-Omar, B. (2020). Research Method in the Behavioral Sciences. Obeikan Publishing.
Alqahtany, A., & Aravindakshan, S. (2022). Urbanization in Saudi Arabia and Sustainability Challenges of Cities and Heritage Sites: Heuristical Insights. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 12, 408-425. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-07-2020-0108
Al-Sayed, A., Al-Shammari, F., Alshutayri, A., Aljojo, N., Aldhahri, E., & Abouola, O. (2022). The Smart City-Line in Saudi Arabia: Issue and Challenges. Postmodern Openings, 13, 15-37. https://doi.org/10.18662/po/13.1Sup1/412
Alshuwaikhat, H. M., & Mohammed, I. (2017). Sustainability Matters in National Development Visions—Evidence from Saudi Arabia’s Vision for 2030. Sustainability, 9, Article No. 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030408
Alshuwaikhat, H. M., Adenle, Y. A., & Almuhaidib, T. (2022). A Lifecycle-Based Smart Sustainable City Strategic Framework for Realizing Smart and Sustainability Initiatives in Riyadh City. Sustainability, 14, Article No. 8240. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148240
Bakry, S. H., Al-Saud, B. A., Alfassam, A. N., & Alshehri, K. A. (2019). A Framework of Essential Requirements for the Development of Smart Cities: Riyadh City as an Example. In A. Visvizi, & M. D. Lytras (Eds.), Smart Cities: Issues and Challenges (pp. 219-239). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816639-0.00013-2
Belli, L., Cilfone, A., Davoli, L., Ferrari, G., Adorni, P., Di Nocera, F. et al. (2020). IoT-Enabled Smart Sustainable Cities: Challenges and Approaches. Smart Cities, 3, 1039-1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3030052
Bibri, S. E. (2018). A Foundational Framework for Smart Sustainable City Development: Theoretical, Disciplinary, and Discursive Dimensions and Their Synergies. Sustainable Cities and Society, 38, 758-794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.12.032
Bibri, S. E. (2021). A Novel Model for Data-Driven Smart Sustainable Cities of the Future: The Institutional Transformations Required for Balancing and Advancing the Three Goals of Sustainability. Energy Informatics, 4, Article No. 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-021-00138-8
Bibri, S. E., & Krogstie, J. (2020). The Emerging Data-Driven Smart City and Its Innovative Applied Solutions for Sustainability: The Cases of London and Barcelona. Energy Informatics, 3, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-020-00108-6
Blasi, S., Ganzaroli, A., & De Noni, I. (2022). Smartening Sustainable Development in Cities: Strengthening the Theoretical Linkage between Smart Cities and SDGs. Sustainable Cities and Society, 80, Article ID: 103793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103793
Choi, H. S., & Song, S. K. (2022). Direction for a Transition toward Smart Sustainable Cities Based on the Diagnosis of Smart City Plans. Smart Cities, 6, 156-178. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6010009
D’Auria, A., Tregua, M., & Vallejo-Martos, M. C. (2018). Modern Conceptions of Cities as Smart and Sustainable and Their Commonalities. Sustainability, 10, Article No. 2642. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082642
El-Hallaq, M. A., Alastal, A. I., & Salha, R. A. (2019). Enhancing Sustainable Development through Web Based 3D Smart City Model Using GIS and BIM. Case Study: Sheikh Hamad City. Journal of Geographic Information System, 11, 321-330. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2019.113019
EPIC (2013). EPIC Roadmap for Smart Cities. European Union, European Platform for Intelligent Cities (EPIC), Version 1.0, Project No. 270895.
Gabrys, J. (2014). Programming Environments: Environmentality and Citizen Sensing in the Smart City. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 32, 30-48. https://doi.org/10.1068/d16812
Garau, C., & Pavan, V. M. (2018). Evaluating Urban Quality: Indicators and Assessment Tools for Smart Sustainable Cities. Sustainability, 10, 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030575
Ghoneim, S. A. R. M. (2019). The Concept of Smart City as a Driver for the Urban Transformation of Egyptian Cities towards Sustainability: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 47, 601-626. https://doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2019.115728
Glasmeier, A., & Christopherson, S. (2015). Thinking about Smart Cities. Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8, 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu034
Guevara, L., & Auat Cheein, F. (2020). The Role of 5G Technologies: Challenges in Smart Cities and Intelligent Transportation Systems. Sustainability, 12, Article No. 6469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166469
Haarstad, H. (2017). Constructing the Sustainable City: Examining the Role of Sustainability in the ‘Smart City’ Discourse. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 19, 423-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2016.1245610
Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the Real Smart City Please Stand up? Intelligent, Progressive or Entrepreneurial City, 12, 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810802479126
Hollands, R. G. (2015). Critical Interventions into the Corporate Smart City. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8, 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu011
Ibrahim, M., Adams, C., & El-Zaart, A. (2015). Paving the Way to Smart Sustainable Cities: Transformation Models and Challenges. JISTEM-Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, 12, 559-576. https://doi.org/10.4301/S1807-17752015000300004
Jasrotia, A. (2018). Smart Cities & Sustainable Development: A Conceptual Framework. Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, 8, 42-50. https://doi.org/10.5958/2249-7307.2018.00017.8
Joss, S., Sengers, F., Schraven, D., Caprotti, F., & Dayot, Y. (2019). The Smart City as Global Discourse: Storylines and Critical Junctures across 27 Cities. Journal of Urban Technology, 26, 3-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2018.1558387
Karvonen, A., Cugurullo, F., & Caprotti, F. (2018). Introduction: Situating Smart Cities. Routledge.
Khan, M. S., Woo, M., Nam, K., & Chathoth, P. K. (2017). Smart City and Smart tourism: A Case of Dubai. Sustainability, 9, Article No. 2279. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122279
Konbr, U. (2019). Smart Sustainable Cities—Vision and Reality: The Egyptian Context as a Case Study. Resourceedings, 2, 101-127. https://doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i1.455
Kostakis, V., Bauwens, M., & Niaros, V. (2015). Urban Reconfiguration after the Emergence of Peer-to-Peer Infrastructure: Four Future Scenarios with an Impact on Smart Cities. In D. Araya (Ed.), Smart Cities as Democratic Ecologies (pp. 116-124). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137377203_8
Kumar, H., Singh, M. K., Gupta, M. P., & Madaan, J. (2020). Moving towards Smart Cities: Solutions That Lead to the Smart City Transformation Framework. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 153, Article ID: 119281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.04.024
Malih, Y. (2017). Smart Cities in Morocco: Foundations, Experiences and Application Possibilities. Journal of Pathways to Thought, Politics, and Economics-Morocco, No. 84, 189-208.
March, H. (2018). The Smart City and Other ICT-Led Techno-Imaginaries: Any Room for Dialogue with Degrowth? Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 1694-1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.154
Morton, S., Pencheon, D., & Squires, N. (2017). Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and Their Implementation: A National Global Framework for Health, Development and Equity Needs a Systems Approach at Every Level. British Medical Bulletin, 124, 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldx031
Niestroy, I., Hege, E., Dirth, E., Zondervan, R., & Derr, K. (2019). Europe’s Approach to Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals: Good Practices and the Way Forward. Policy Department for External Relations Directorate General for External Policies of the Union.
Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century: A Multidimensional Approach to the History of Capital and Social Classes. The British Journal of Sociology, 65, 736-747. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12115
Pilipczuk, O. (2021). A Conceptual Framework for Large-Scale Event Perception Evaluation with Spatial-Temporal Scales in Sustainable Smart Cities. Sustainability, 13, Article No. 5658. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105658
Rahi, S., Alnaser, F. M., & Abd Ghani, M. (2019). Designing Survey Research: Recommendation for Questionnaire Development, Calculating Sample Size and Selecting Research Paradigms. In 37th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development—Socio Economic Problems of Sustainable Development (pp. 1157-1169).
Rivera, M. B., Eriksson, E., & Wangel, J. (2015). ICT Practices in Smart Sustainable Cities—In the Intersection of Technological Solutions and Practices of Everyday Life. In Proceedings of EnviroInfo and ICT for Sustainability 2015. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/ict4s-env-15.2015.36
Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin III, F. S., Lambin, E. et al. (2009). Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Ecology and Society, 14, Article No. 32. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03180-140232
Saba, D., Sahli, Y., Berbaoui, B., & Maouedj, R. (2020). Towards Smart Cities: Challenges, Components, and Architectures. In A. Hassanien, R. Bhatnagar, N. Khalifa, & M. Taha (Eds.), Toward Social Internet of Things (SIoT): Enabling Technologies, Architectures and Applications. Studies in Computational Intelligence (Vol. 846, pp. 249-286). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24513-9_15
Sang, Z., & Li, K. (2019). ITU-T Standardisation Activities on Smart Sustainable Cities. IET Smart Cities, 1, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-smc.2019.0023
Söderström, O., Paasche, T., & Klauser, F. (2014). Smart Cities as Corporate Storytelling. City, 18, 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2014.906716
Steffen, W., Broadgate, W., Deutsch, L., Gaffney, O., & Ludwig, C. (2015). The Trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration. The Anthropocene Review, 2, 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019614564785
Tabassum, K. (2020). An Intelligent Metro Tracking System for Riyadh Smart City. International Journal of Information Technology, 12, 1103-1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-020-00435-7
Trindade, E. P., Hinnig, M. P. F., Moreira da Costa, E., Marques, J. S., Bastos, R. C., & Yigitcanlar, T. (2017). Sustainable Development of Smart Cities: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 3, Article No. 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40852-017-0063-2
Viitanen, J., & Kingston, R. (2014). Smart Cities and Green Growth: Outsourcing Democratic and Environmental Resilience to the Global Technology Sector. Environment and Planning A, 46, 803-819. https://doi.org/10.1068/a46242
Wiig, A. (2016). The Empty Rhetoric of the Smart City: From Digital Inclusion to Economic Promotion in Philadelphia. Urban Geography, 37, 535-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1065686
Winkowska, J., Szpilko, D., & Pejić, S. (2019). Smart City Concept in the Light of the Literature Review. Engineering Management in Production and Services, 11, 70-86. https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2019-0012
Xie, J., Tang, H., Huang, T., Yu, F. R., Xie, R., Liu, J., & Liu, Y. (2019). A Survey of Blockchain Technology Applied to Smart Cities: Research Issues and Challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 21, 2794-2830. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2019.2899617
Yigitcanlar, T., Han, H., Kamruzzaman, M., Ioppolo, G., & Sabatini-Marques, J. (2019). The Making of Smart Cities: Are Songdo, Masdar, Amsterdam, San Francisco and Brisbane the Best We Could Build? Land Use Policy, 88, Article ID: 104187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104187