Cinema inhabits urban culture and often represents and narrate urban space through its visual multi-dimensionality. This paper discusses the various degrees of cityness present in films and argues that notions of the Everyday connect cinema, urbanity, and wellbeing. As a holistic parameter of health that captures both psychological and physiological wellness, wellbeing is posited an excellent all-encompassing determinant of how cities are appropriated and experienced. Subjective wellbeing—rooted in the everyday constructs of feeling good (hedonic wellbeing) and functioning well (eudaimonic wellbeing)—is shaped by circumstantial factors, activities, and practices. This paper links the everydayness of wellbeing with cinema, proposing film as a potential medium to discern the wellbeing conduciveness of cities. It investigates cinema’s capacity to generate objective knowledge (raw material), semantic knowledge (the spectator’s interpretation), and cinematic intelligence (a further interpretation of the spectator’s interpretation), to derive a holistic understanding of wellbeing. The psychogeography of a selected film is traversed, leveraging cinema’s ability to direct the voyageur ’s gaze. Thus, as a pilot study, this paper confirms cinema as a promising tool for architects and urban designers to evaluate wellbeing in cities, transcending mere technical awareness.
Amaruwan, D. (2019). The Left Bank of Sri Lankan Cinema: Dharmasena Pathiraja . Roar Media. https://roar.media/english/life/culture-identities/left-bank-srilanka-cinema-dharmasena-pathiraja/
Anderson, J., Ruggeri, K., Steemers, K., & Huppert, F. (2016). Lively Social Space, Well-Being Activity, and Urban Design: Findings from a Low-Cost Community-Led Public Space Intervention. Environment and Behavior, 49, 685-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916516659108
Antonovsky, A. (1993). The Structure and Properties of the Sense of Coherence Scale. Social Science & Medicine, 36, 725-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(93)90033-z
Bacon, E. N. (1976). Design of Cities: Revised Edition (Revised ed.). Penguin Books.
Bruno, G. (1997). Site-Seeing: Architecture and the Moving Image. Wide Angle, 19, 8-24. https://doi.org/10.1353/wan.1997.0017
Bruno, G. (2002). Atlas of Emotion: Journeys in Art, Architecture, and Film . Verso.
Corner, J. (2011). The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention. In R. Kitchin, M. Dodge, & C. Perkins (Eds.), The Map Reader: Theories of Mapping Practice and Cartographic Representation (pp. 89-101). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470979587.ch50
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S. et al. (2010). New Well-Being Measures: Short Scales to Assess Flourishing and Positive and Negative Feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
Edelman, D. J. (2016). The City in Cinema: A Global Perspective. Current Urban Studies, 4, 140-145. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2016.42010
Eisenstein, S. M. (1938). Montage and Architecture . MIT Press. https://www.scribd.com/document/470710684/SERGEI-EISENSTEIN-montage-and-architecture
Hatleskog, E., & Samuel, F. (2021). Mapping as a Strategic Tool for Evidencing Social Values and Supporting Joined-Up Decision Making in Reading, England. Journal of Urban Design, 26, 591-612. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2021.1890555
Huppert, F. A., & So, T. T. C. (2013). Flourishing across Europe: Application of a New Conceptual Framework for Defining Well-Being. Social Indicators Research, 110, 837-861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9966-7
Jahoda, M. (1958). Current Concepts of Positive Mental Health . Basic Books. https://doi.org/10.1037/11258-000
Jarvis, R. K. (1980). Urban Environments as Visual Art or as Social Settings? A Review. Town Planning Review, 51, 50-66. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.51.1.f3714335ku0x98r2
Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The Mental Health Continuum: From Languishing to Flourishing in Life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 207-222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197
Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). Promoting and Protecting Mental Health as Flourishing: A Complementary Strategy for Improving National Mental Health. American Psychologist, 62, 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.62.2.95
King, D., Thompson, P., & Darzi, A. (2014). Enhancing Health and Wellbeing through ‘Behavioural Design’. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 107, 336-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076814548527
Lefebvre, H. (2014). Critique of Everyday Life: The Three-Volume Text (Translation ed.). Verso.
Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City (Illustrated ed.). The MIT Press.
Lynch, K. (1984). Good City Form (Reprint ed.). MIT Press.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
Mahali, A., Lynch, I., Fadiji, A. W., Tolla, T., Khumalo, S., & Naicker, S. (2018). Networks of Well-Being in the Global South: A Critical Review of Current Scholarship. Journal of Developing Societies, 34, 373-400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796x18786137
Mehta, V. (2014). Evaluating Public Space. Journal of Urban Design, 19, 53-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2013.854698
Mental Capital and Wellbeing: Making the Most of Ourselves in the 21st Century (Foresight Mental Capital and Wellbeing Project) (2008). [Executive Summary]. The Government Office for Science. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/mental-capital-and-wellbeing
Munasinghe, J. (2012). Policies and Issues in Urban Development in Sri Lanka: An Examination of the Inter-Domain Gaps. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences.
Nanayakkara, W. (2016). Can Sri Lanka Eradicate Poverty and Reduce Income Inequality by 2030? The Institute of Policy Studies, Sri Lanka. Talking Economics. http://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2016/06/03/can-sri-lanka-eradicate-poverty-and-reduce-income-inequality-by-2030/
Nanayakkara, W. (2018). A Balancing Act: Can Sri Lanka Overcome Regional Income Inequalities? The Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka. Talking Economics. http://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2018/12/27/a-balancing-act-can-sri-lanka-overcome-regional-income-inequalities/
Naotunna, S. R. (2016). Motorbicycle [Feature Film]. CEL Circuit Cinemas .
Penz, F. (2010). The Real City in the Reel City: Towards a Methodology through the Case of Amélie. In R. Koeck, & L. Roberts (Eds.), The City and the Moving Image: Urban Projections (pp. 233-252). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230299238_16
Penz, F. (2017). Cinematic Aided Design: An Everyday Life Approach to Architecture . Routledge.
Penz, F. (2022). Cinema As Urban Modeling: Understanding Urban Phenomena through Fiction Films. In E. Stein, G. R. Halegoua, & B. Kredell (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Media and the City (pp. 15-28). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003007678
Radicati, A. (2017). Hub City: Aspiration and Dispossession in 21st Century Colombo . London School of Economics and Political Science.
Ratnayake, R. M. K. (2013). Economic Growth, Income Distribution and Social Equity in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Journal of Advanced Social Studies, 3, 3-25.
Rowe, C., & Koetter, F. (1984). Collage City . The MIT Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness Is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the Building Blocks of Well-Being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13, 333-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1437466
Sri Lanka: State of the Economy 2023 Economic Policy Choices: From Stabilisation to Growth (2023). Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka.
Stewart-Brown, S., Platt, S., Tennant, A., Maheswaran, H., Parkinson, J., Weich, S. et al. (2011). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): A Valid and Reliable Tool for Measuring Mental Well-Being in Diverse Populations and Projects. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 65, A38-A39. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2011.143586.86
Uyangoda, J. (1989). Cinema in Cultural and Political Debates in Sri Lanka. Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media, 37, 37-43.