Effect of Irrigation System, Tillage System, and Seeding Rates on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Growth, Grain Yield and Its Water Consumption and Efficiency — Oak Academic Publishing
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Effect of Irrigation System, Tillage System, and Seeding Rates on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Growth, Grain Yield and Its Water Consumption and Efficiency
College of Water Resources Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim Province, Babylon, Iraq
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Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, Environment and Natural Resources department, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut, Lebanon
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College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Ecole Doctorale en Sciences et Technologie, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Ecole Doctorale en Sciences et Technologie, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
1 College of Water Resources Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim Province, Babylon, Iraq
2 Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, Environment and Natural Resources department, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut, Lebanon
3 College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
4 Ecole Doctorale en Sciences et Technologie, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
5 Ecole Doctorale en Sciences et Technologie, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
6 Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
A field trial was conducted at a private farm in AL-Hashimiya district Babylon Governorate—the republic of Iraq during the 2016 - 2017 and 2017 - 2018 growing seasons. This study was conducted using two irrigation methods, sprinkler and surface irrigation, for each of them had three Tillage methods (zero-tillage , medium-tillage , deep-tillage) and each tillage system had four seeding rate of wheat yield (120 , 180 , 240 , 300) kg ∙ ha -1 . Results indicated that the consumptive water use was 557.5 and 535.9 mm for surface irrigation and 460.9 and 442.6 mm for sprinkler irrigation in the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing seasons. Sprinkler irrigation significantly increased the flag leaf area with no significant effect on plant height. However, the minimum tillage and seeding rate (240 kg ∙ ha -1 ) significantly increased the plant height and flag leaf area in both growing seasons. For the grain yield, the sprinkler irrigation, m inimum tillage, and seeding rate (240 kg ∙ ha -1 ) also increased the plant height and flag leaf area by 13%, 10, % 11%, 11%, 12%, and 14% in both growing seasons, respectively, through an increased number of spikes/m 2 , the number of grain spike-1, and 1000-grain weight in both growing seasons, respe ctively. Interestingly the grain yield was increased by 33% and 32% in both growing seasons under the effects of these three factors altogether, respectively. It can be concluded that these factors act synergistically, resulting in a significant improvement in the wheat grain-yield of, less consumptive water use, and high water use efficiency.
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