Electroless deposition has been used to deposit Ni-P films on glass slides using the reducing agent sodium hypophosphite. This has been done with a purpose to use Ni-P films as back contact for silicon carbide radiation detectors. By keeping deposition time, temperature, pH and concentration of the precursor solution constant, the film deposition has been done. XPS studies were done to analyze the composition and stoichiometry of Ni-P thin films.
Foley, A. and Olabi, A.G. (2017) Renewable Energy Technology Developments, Trends and Policy Implications That Can Underpin the Drive for Global Climate Change. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 68, 1112-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.065
Amrouche, S.O., Rekioua, D., Rekioua, T. and Bacha, S. (2016) Overview of Energy Storage in Renewable Energy Systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 41, 20914-20927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.243
Renssen, S. (2020) The Hydrogen Solution? Nature Climate Change , 10, 799-801. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0891-0
Kelly, N.A. (2014) Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis. In: Basile, A. and Iulianelli, A., Eds., Advances in Hydrogen Production , Storage and Distribution , Elsevier, Amsterdam, 159-185. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857097736.2.159
Ezaki, H., Morinaga, M. and Watanabe, S. (1993) Hydrogen Overpotential for Transition Metals and Alloys, and Its Interpretation Using an Electronic Model. Electrochimica Acta , 38, 557-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(93)85012-N
Eftekhari, A. (2017) Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Internatio n al Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 42, 11053-11077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.02.125
Salonen, L.M., Petrovykh, D.Y. and Kolen’ko, Y.V. (2021) Sustainable Catalysts for Water Electrolysis: Selected Strategies for Reduction and Replacement of Platinum-Group Metals. Materials Today Sustainability , 11-12, Article ID: 100060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2021.100060
Zheng, Y., Jiao, Y., Jaroniec, M. and Qiao, S.Z. (2015) Advancing the Electrochemistry of the Hydrogen-Evolution Reaction through Combining Experiment and Theory. Angewandte Chemie International Edition , 54, 52-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201407031
Gong, M., Wang, D.Y., Chen, C.C., Hwang, B.J. and Dai, H. (2016) A Mini Review on Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Nano Research , 9, 28-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-015-0965-x
Faber, M.S., Lukowski, M.A., Ding, Q., Kaiser, N.S. and Jin, S. (2014) Earth-Abundant Metal Pyrites (FeS 2 , CoS 2 , NiS 2 , and Their Alloys) for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution and Polysulfide Reduction Electrocatalysis. The Journal of Physical Ch e mistry C , 118, 21347-21356. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp506288w
XPS Studies on Electroless As-Deposited and Annealed Ni-P Films — Oak Academic Publishing
Xiao, P., Chen, W. and Wang, X. (2015) A Review of Phosphide-Based Materials for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Advanced Energy Materials , 5, Article ID: 1500985. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201500985
Du, H., Kong, R.M., Guo, X., Qu, F. and Li, J. (2018) Recent Progress in Transition Metal Phosphides with Enhanced Electrocatalysis for Hydrogen Evolution. Nano s cale , 10, 21617-21624. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR07891B
Wang, Y., Kong, B., Zhao, D., Wang, H. and Selomulya, C. (2017) Strategies for Developing Transition Metal Phosphides as Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting. Nano Today , 15, 26-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2017.06.006
Yu, F., Zhou, H., Huang, Y., Sun, J., Qin, F., Bao, J., Goddard, W.A., Chen, S. and Ren, Z. (2018) High-Performance Bifunctional Porous Non-Noble Metal Phosphide Catalyst for Overall Water Splitting. Nature Communications , 9, Article No. 2551. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04746-z
Ray, A., Sultana, S., Paramanik, L. and Parida, K.M. (2020) Recent Advances in Phase, Size, and Morphology-Oriented Nanostructured Nickel Phosphide for Overall Water Splitting. Journal of Materials Chemistry A , 8, 19196-19245. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA05797E
Jin, M., Zhang, X., Shi, R., Lian, Q., Niu, S., Peng, O., Wang, Q. and Cheng, C. (2021) Hierarchical CoP@ Ni 2 P Catalysts for PH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution at High Current Density. Applied Catalysis B : Environmental , 296, Article ID: 120350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120350
Wang, F., Li, Y., Shifa, T.A., Liu, K., Wang, F., Wang, Z., Xu, P., Wang, Q. and He, J. (2016) Selenium-Enriched Nickel Selenide Nanosheets as a Robust Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Generation. Angewandte Chemie , 55, 6919-6924. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201602802
Chen, W.F., Muckermana, J.T. and Fujita, E. (2013) Recent Developments in Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides as Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts. Chem i cal Communications , 49, 8896-8909. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc44076a
Brown, D.E., Mahmood, M.N., Man, M.C.M. and Turner, A.K. (1984) Preparation and Characterization of Low Overvoltage Transition Metal Alloy Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Solutions. Electrochimica Acta , 29, 1551-1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(84)85008-2
Safizadeh, F., Ghali, E. and Houlachi, G. (2015) Electrocatalysis Developments for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Solutions—A Review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 40, 256-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.10.109
Lv, H., Xi, Z., Chen, Z., Guo, S., Yu, Y., Zhu, W., Li, Q., Zhang, X., Pan, M., Lu, G., Mu, S. and Sun, S. (2015) A New Core/Shell NiAu/Au Nanoparticle Catalyst with Pt-Like Activity for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Journal of the American Che m ical Society , 137, 5859-5862. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b01100
Li, L., Zhang, G., Wang, B. Yang, T. and Yang, S. (2020) Electrochemical Formation of PtRu Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient and PH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Journal of Materials Chemistry A , 8, 2090-2098. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA12300H
Park, J., Koo, B., Yoon, K.Y., Hwang, Y., Kang, M., Park, J.G. and Hyeon, T. (2005) Generalized Synthesis of Metal Phosphide Nanorods via Thermal Decomposition of Continuously Delivered Metal-Phosphine Complexes Using a Syringe Pump. Jou r nal of the American Chemical Society , 127, 8433-8440. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0427496
Liu, P., Zhang, Z.X., Jun, S.W., Zhu, Y.L. and. Li, Y.X. (2019) Controlled Synthesis of Nickel Phosphide Nanoparticles with Pure-Phase Ni 2 P and Ni 12 P 5 for Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene. Reaction Kinetics , Mechanisms and Catalysis , 126, 453-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-018-1496-8
Wang, X., Kolen’ko, Y.V. and Liu, L. (2015) Direct Solvothermal Phosphorization of Nickel Foam to Fabricate Integrated Ni 2 P Nanorods/Ni Electrodes for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Chemical Communications , 51, 6738-6741. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC00370A
Liu, Z., Huang, X., Zhu, Z. and Dai, J. (2010) A Simple Mild Hydrothermal Route for the Synthesis of Nickel Phosphide Powders. Ceramics International , 36, 1155-1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.12.015
Zhang, G., Xu, Q., Liu, Y., Qin, Q., Zhang, J., Qi, K., Chen, J., Wang, Z., Zheng, K., Świerczek, K. and Zheng, W. (2020) Red Phosphorus as Self-Template to Hierarchical Nanoporous Nickel Phosphides toward Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Electrochimica Acta , 332, Article ID: 135500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135500
Xiao, J., Lv, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z. and Wang, S. (2016) One-Step Synthesis of Nickel Phosphide Nanowire Array Supported on Nickel Foam with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Performance. RSC Advances , 6, 107859-107864. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA20737E
Wang, X., Kolen’ko, Y.V., Bao, X.Q., Kovnir, K. and Liu, L. (2015) One-Step Synthesis of Self-Supported Nickel Phosphide Nanosheet Array Cathodes for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Generation. Angewandte Chemie , 54, 8188-8192. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201502577
Wang, X., Li, W., Xiong, D., Petrovykh, D.Y. and Liu, L. (2016) Bifunctional Nickel Phosphide Nanocatalysts Supported on Carbon Fiber Paper for Highly Efficient and Stable Overall Water Splitting. Advanced Functional Materials , 26, 4067-4077. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201505509
Wang, X., Li, W., Xiong, D. and Liu, L. (2016) Fast Fabrication of Self-Supported Porous Nickel Phosphide Foam for Efficient, Durable Oxygen Evolution and Overall Water Splitting. Journal of Materials Chemistry A , 4, 5639-5646. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA10317G
Xing, J., Zou, Z., Guo, K. and Xu, C. (2018) The Effect of Phosphating Time on the Electrocatalytic Activity of Nickel Phosphide Nanorod Arrays Grown on Ni Foam. Journal of Materials Research , 33, 556-567. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.399
Bains, W., Petkowski, J.J., Silva, C.S. and Seager, S. (2019) Trivalent Phosphorus and Phosphines as Components of Biochemistry in Anoxic Environments. Astrobiology , 19, 885-902. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2018.1958
Li, J., Li, J., Zhou, X., Xia, Z., Gao, W., Ma, Y. and Qu, Y. (2016) Highly Efficient and Robust Nickel Phosphides as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water-Splitting. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces , 8, 10826-10834. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b00731
Zhou, K., Zhou, W., Yang, L., Lu, J., Cheng, S., Mai, W., Tang, Z., Li. L. and Chen, S. (2015) Ultrahigh-Performance Pseudocapacitor Electrodes Based on Transition Metal Phosphide Nanosheets Array via Phosphorization: A General and Effective Approach. Advanced Functional Materials , 25, 7530-7538. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201503662
Wu, M., Bai, J., Wang, Y., Wang, A., Lin, X., Wang, L., Shen, Y., Wang, Z., Hagfeldt, A. and Ma, T. (2012) High-Performance Phosphide/Carbon Counter Electrode for Both Iodide and Organic Redox Couples in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry , 22, 11121-11127. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm30832k
Lu, Y., Gua, C.D., Ge, X., Zhang, H., Huang, S., Zhao, X.Y., Wang, X.L., Tu, J.P. and Mao, S.X. (2013) Growth of Nickel Phosphide Films as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Based on a Novel Method for Synthesis of Nickel Films using Ionic Liquids. Electrochimica Acta , 112, 212-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.035
Fullenwarth, J., Darwiche, A., Soares, A., Donnadieu, B. and Monconduit, L. (2014) NiP 3 : A Promising Negative Electrode for Li-and Na-Ion Batteries. Journal of M a terials Chemistry A , 2, 2050-2059. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA13976J
Lin, Y., Sun, K., Liu, S., Chen, X., Cheng, Y., Cheong, W.C., Chen, Z., Zheng, L., Zhang, J., Li, X., Pan, Y. and Chen, C. (2019) Construction of CoP/NiCoP Nanotadpoles Heterojunction Interface for Wide PH Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis and Supercapacitor. Advanced Energy Materials , 9, Article ID: 1901213. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901213
Zhang, N., Li, Y., Xu, J., Li, J., Wei, B., Ding, Y., Amorim, I., Thomas, R., Thalluri, S.M., Liu, Y., Yu, G. and Liu, L. (2019) High-Performance Flexible Solid-State Asymmetric Supercapacitors Based on Bimetallic Transition Metal Phosphide Nanocrystals. ACS Nano , 13, 10612-10621. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b04810
Vitry, V., Sens, A. and Delaunois, F. (2014) Comparison of Various Electroless Nickel Coatings on Steel: Structure, Hardness and Abrasion Resistance. Materials Science Forum , 783-786, 1405-1413. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.783-786.1405
Mandich, N.V. and Krulik, G.A. (1992) The Evolution of a Process: 50 Years of Electroless Nickel. Metal Finishing , 90, 25-27.
Karuppusamy, K. and Anantharam, R. (1992) Pit-Free Nickel Electroplating. Metal Finishing , 90, 15-19.
Okamoto, Y., Nitta, Y., Imanaka, T. and Teranishi, S. (1979) Surface Characterisation of Nickel Boride and Nickel Phosphide Catalysts by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Journal of the Chemical Society , Faraday Transactions 1 : Physical Chem i stry in Condensed Phases , 75, 2027-2039. https://doi.org/10.1039/f19797502027
Tiwari, A.P., Lee, K., Kim, K., Kim, J., Novak, T.G. and Jeon, S. (2020) Conformally Coated Nickel Phosphide on 3D, Ordered Nanoporous Nickel for Highly Active and Durable Hydrogen Evolution. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering , 8, 17116-17123. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05192
Sun, T., Dong, J., Huang, Y., Ran, W., Chena, J. and Xu, L. (2018) Highly Active and Stable Electrocatalyst of Ni 2 P Nanoparticles Supported on 3D Ordered Macro-/Mesoporous Co-N-Doped Carbon for Acidic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Journal of Materials Chemistry A , 6, 12751-12758. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA03672A
Ochs, D., Dieckhoff, S. and Cord, B. (2000) Characterization of Hard Disk Substrates (NiP/Al, Glass) Using XPS. Surface and Interface Analysis , 30, 12-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9918(200008)30:1 3.0.CO;2-B