Effect of Tightening Torque on a Hybrid Stainless-Steel/Glass-Epoxy Composite Bolted Joint under Tension at Room and Cryogenic Temperature — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Effect of Tightening Torque on a Hybrid Stainless-Steel/Glass-Epoxy Composite Bolted Joint under Tension at Room and Cryogenic Temperature
National Engineering School of Metz, LEM3, University of Lorraine, Metz, France
,
National Engineering School of Metz, LEM3, University of Lorraine, Metz, France
,
National Engineering School of Metz, LEM3, University of Lorraine, Metz, France
,
National Engineering School of Metz, LEM3, University of Lorraine, Metz, France
1 National Engineering School of Metz, LEM3, University of Lorraine, Metz, France
2 National Engineering School of Metz, LEM3, University of Lorraine, Metz, France
3 National Engineering School of Metz, LEM3, University of Lorraine, Metz, France
4 National Engineering School of Metz, LEM3, University of Lorraine, Metz, France
The aim of this work is to study the behavior of a double-lap hybrid metallic/composite bolted joint under quasi-static tension loading at room temperature (RT) and cryogenic temperature (CT). The bolted joint is composed of two metallic stainless-steel plates and a woven glass-epoxy composite material plate. The area around the fastened hole is reinforced with a hybridization constituted by a succession of metallic stainless-steel foils and composite plies. Three-dimensional finite element analyses have been performed to evaluate the stress state in the bolted joint, especially in the vicinity of the bolt hole and in the hybridization area. The finite element model has taken into consideration the mechanical properties of the involved materials, the effects of contact between the different sheets of the assembly and the pre-stress in the bolt. The influence of the inserts (sleeves) in use around the bolt is studied to define the best geometry of the bolted joint. Three configurations were studied, namely, without a sleeve and with one or two sleeves. Finite element results have shown that the most appropriate design is a bolted joint with one sleeve. For the latter configuration, quasi-static tensile tests have been performed for several clamping force levels. Experimental results showed a moderate influence of the tightening torque on the behavior of the bolted joint, while temperature has a strong effect on the tensile strength, which increases with decreasing temperature. The fracture images showed that, in most cases, the hybrid metal/composite bolted joint failure mode corresponded to the shear-out failure.
KeywordsBolted JointGlass-Epoxy CompositeHybrid Steel-CompositeTightening TorqueInsertCryogenic Temperature
Zhang, M., Cao, Z., Zheng, G., Zuo, D., Guo, C. and Wang, Y. (2024) Quasi-Static Tensile Failure Mechanism Analysis of CFRP/Al Countersunk Electromagnetic Riveted Joints with Different Rivet-Hole Clearances. Engineering Failure Analysis , 155, Article ID: 107759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107759
He, Z., Zheng, G., Luo, Q., Li, Q. and Sun, G. (2024) Fatigue Life Improvement Mechanisms of CFRP/Al Hybrid Joints—Load Sharing Study Using a Digital Image Correlation Technique. Composite Structures , 327, Article ID: 117625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117625
Feng, J., Zhang, J., Jin, W. and Liao, R. (2024) Damage Evolution Modeling of CFRP/Al Single-Lap Screw Type Blind Riveted Joints during Realistic Installation Process. Composite Structures , 337, Article ID: 118023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118023
Fortier, V., Brunel, J. and Lebel, L. (2019) Fastening Composite Structures Using Braided Thermoplastic Composite Rivets. Journal of Composite Materials , 54, 801-812. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998319867375
Mi, S., Hu, J., Xuan, S., Yu, J. and Tian, W. (2022) An Experimental Investigation on Press Joining Mechanism and Bearing Behavior of Single-Lap Composite Riveted Joints. Journal of Composite Materials , 57, 393-407. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983221146263
Lee, J., Oh, M. and Kim, H. (2023) Fatigue Strength of Self-Piercing Riveted Joints of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite and Al5052 Alloy Plates. Journal of Composite Materials , 57, 3479-3491. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983231167662
Olivier, G., Csillag, F., Christoforidou, A., Tromp, L., Veltkamp, M. and Pavlovic, M. (2023) Feasibility of Bolted Connectors in Hybrid FRP-Steel Structures. Construction and Building Materials , 383, Article ID: 131100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131100
Ravichandran, B. and Balasubramanian, M. (2024) Joining Methods for Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites—A Critical Review. Composites Part A : Applied Science and Manufacturing , 186, Article ID: 108394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108394
Delzendehrooy, F., Akhavan-Safar, A., Barbosa, A.Q., Beygi, R., Cardoso, D., Carbas, R.J.C., et al . (2022) A Comprehensive Review on Structural Joining Techniques in the Marine Industry. Composite Structures , 289, Article ID: 115490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115490
Kupski, J. and Teixeira de Freitas, S. (2021) Design of Adhesively Bonded Lap Joints with Laminated CFRP Adherends: Review, Challenges and New Opportunities for Aerospace Structures. Composite Structures , 268, Article ID: 113923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113923
Ribeiro, T.E.A., Campilho, R.D.S.G., da Silva, L.F.M. and Goglio, L. (2016) Damage Analysis of Composite-Aluminium Adhesively-Bonded Single-Lap Joints. Composite Structures , 136, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.09.054
Kang, S., Kim, M. and Kim, C. (2007) Evaluation of Cryogenic Performance of Adhesives Using Composite-Aluminum Double-Lap Joints. Composite Structures , 78, 440-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.11.005
Nguyen, K., Kweon, J. and Choi, J. (2009) Failure Load Prediction by Damage Zone Method for Single-Lap Bonded Joints of Carbon Composite and Aluminum. Journal of Composite Materials , 43, 3031-3056. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998309345295
Lim, G., Bodjona, K., Raju, K.P., Fielding, S., Romanov, V. and Lessard, L. (2018) Evolution of Mechanical Properties of Flexible Epoxy Adhesives under Cyclic Loading and Its Effects on Composite Hybrid Bolted/Bonded Joint Design. Composite Structures , 189, 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.01.049
Lopez-Cruz, P., Laliberté, J. and Lessard, L. (2017) Investigation of Bolted/Bonded Composite Joint Behaviour Using Design of Experiments. Composite Structures , 170, 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.02.084
Mohapatra, D.R., Behera, S. and Mondal, S. (2025) Modified Hashin Criteria Based 3D Damage Progression in Bolted, Bonded and Hybrid Single-Lap Joints of Woven GFRP Laminates. Structures , 78, Article 109265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.109265
Marannano, G. and Zuccarello, B. (2015) Numerical Experimental Analysis of Hybrid Double Lap Aluminum-CFRP Joints. Composites Part B : Engineering , 71, 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.11.025
Xiang, S., Cheng, B., Wang, J., Li, D. and Yan, X. (2024) Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Failure Behavior of Hybrid Bonded/Bolted GFRP Single-Lap Joints under Static Shear Loading. Engineering Failure Analysis , 158, Article ID: 107969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.107969
Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Liu, Z., Qi, S., Zhu, Y. and Zhu, P. (2021) Numerical Analysis of Hybrid (Bonded/Bolted) FRP Composite Joints: A Review. Composite Structures , 262, Article ID: 113606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113606
Camanho, P.P. and Lambert, M. (2006) A Design Methodology for Mechanically Fastened Joints in Laminated Composite Materials. Composites Science and Technology , 66, 3004-3020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.02.017
Mandal, B. and Chakrabarti, A. (2018) Numerical Failure Assessment of Multi-Bolt FRP Composite Joints with Varying Sizes and Preloads of Bolts. Composite Structures , 187, 169-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.048
Nerilli, F. and Vairo, G. (2017) Progressive Damage in Composite Bolted Joints via a Computational Micromechanical Approach. Composites Part B : Engineering , 111, 357-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.056
Hu, X.F., Haris, A., Ridha, M., Tan, V.B.C. and Tay, T.E. (2018) Progressive Failure of Bolted Single-Lap Joints of Woven Fibre-Reinforced Composites. Composite Structures , 189, 443-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.01.104
Thoppul, S.D., Finegan, J. and Gibson, R.F. (2009) Mechanics of Mechanically Fastened Joints in Polymer-Matrix Composite Structures—A Review. Composites Science and Technology , 69, 301-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.09.037
Shan, M., Zhao, L., Liu, F., Qi, D. and Zhang, J. (2020) Revealing the Competitive Fatigue Failure Behaviour of CFRP-Aluminum Two-Bolt, Double-Lap Joints. Composite Structures , 244, Article ID: 112166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112166
Hizam, R.M., Manalo, A.C., Karunasena, W. and Bai, Y. (2018) Effect of Bolt Threads on the Double Lap Joint Strength of Pultruded Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials. Construction and Building Materials , 181, 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.061
Li, H., Gu, R. and Zhao, X. (2017) Global Sensitivity Analysis of Load Distribution and Displacement in Multi-Bolt Composite Joints. Composites Part B : Engineering , 116, 200-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.01.058
Liu, F., Zhang, J., Zhao, L., Xin, A. and Zhou, L. (2015) An Analytical Joint Stiffness Model for Load Transfer Analysis in Highly Torqued Multi-Bolt Composite Joints with Clearances. Composite Structures , 131, 625-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.06.003
Sajid, Z., Karuppanan, S., Sallih, N., Kee, K.E. and Shah, S.Z.H. (2021) Role of Washer Size in Mitigating Adverse Effects of Bolt-Hole Clearance in a Single-Lap, Single-Bolt Basalt Composite Joint. Composite Structures , 266, Article ID: 113802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113802
Liu, L., Zhang, J., Chen, K. and Wang, H. (2014) Combined and Interactive Effects of Interference Fit and Preloads on Composite Joints. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics , 27, 716-729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2014.04.014
Russo, S. (2016) First Investigation on Mixed Cracks and Failure Modes in Multi-Bolted FRP Plates. Composite Structures , 154, 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.07.016
Kapidžić, Z., Ansell, H., Schön, J. and Simonsson, K. (2015) Fatigue Bearing Failure of CFRP Composite in Biaxially Loaded Bolted Joints at Elevated Temperature. Composite Structures , 127, 298-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.03.031
Liu, F., Lu, X., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., Hu, N. and Xu, J. (2018) An Interpretation of the Load Distributions in Highly Torqued Single-Lap Composite Bolted Joints with Bolt-Hole Clearances. Composites Part B : Engineering , 138, 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.11.027
Li, H., Zhang, K., Cheng, H., Suo, H., Cheng, Y. and Hu, J. (2019) Multi-Stage Mechanical Behavior and Failure Mechanism Analysis of CFRP/Al Single-Lap Bolted Joints with Different Seawater Ageing Conditions. Composite Structures , 208, 634-645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.10.044
Riccio, A. and Marciano, L. (2005) Effects of Geometrical and Material Features on Damage Onset and Propagation in Single-Lap Bolted Composite Joints under Tensile Load: Part I—Experimental Studies. Journal of Composite Materials , 39, 2071-2090. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998305052026
McCarthy, M.A., Lawlor, V.P. and Stanley, W.F. (2005) An Experimental Study of Bolt-Hole Clearance Effects in Single-Lap, Multibolt Composite Joints. Journal of Composite Materials , 39, 799-825. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998305048157
Hu, J., Zhang, K., Cheng, H. and Qi, Z. (2020) Mechanism of Bolt Pretightening and Preload Relaxation in Composite Interference-Fit Joints under Thermal Effects. Journal of Composite Materials , 54, 4929-4946. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320941218
Yang, B., Yue, Z., Geng, X., Guan, X. and Wang, P. (2016) Experimental and Numerical Study on Bearing Failure of Countersunk Composite-Composite and Composite-steel Joints. Journal of Composite Materials , 51, 3211-3224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998316684936
McCarthy, M.A., Lawlor, V.P., Stanley, W.F. and McCarthy, C.T. (2002) Bolt-Hole Clearance Effects and Strength Criteria in Single-Bolt, Single-Lap, Composite Bolted Joints. Composites Science and Technology , 62, 1415-1431. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(02)00088-x
Choi, J., Hasheminia, S.M., Chun, H., Park, J. and Chang, H.S. (2018) Failure Load Prediction of Composite Bolted Joint with Clamping Force. Composite Structures , 189, 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.01.037
Arman, Y. (2012) Effect of Washer Type on Bearing Strength of Bolted-Joint Laminated Composites. Advanced Composites Letters , 21.
Oh, J.H., Kim, Y.G. and Lee, D.G. (1997) Optimum Bolted Joints for Hybrid Composite Materials. Composite Structures , 38, 329-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8223(98)80014-7
Chang, F., Scott, R.A. and Springer, G.S. (1982) Strength of Mechanically Fastened Composite Joints. Journal of Composite Materials , 16, 470-494. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199838201600603
Gamdani, F., Boukhili, R. and Vadean, A. (2015) Tensile Strength of Open-Hole, Pin-Loaded and Multi-Bolted Single-Lap Joints in Woven Composite Plates. Materials & Design , 88, 702-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.008
Liu, L.Q. (2022) A Study of the Damage Tolerance of Composite-Metal Hybrid Joints Reinforced by Multiple and Penetrative Thin Pins. Composites and Advanced Materials , 31, 1-13.
Walker, S.P. (2002) Thermal Effects on the Pin-Bearing Behavior of IM7/PETI5 Composite Joints. Journal of Composite Materials , 36, 2623-2651. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199802761675557
Gupta, A. and Singh, M. (2024) Comparative Study of Failure Analysis in Glass Fiber Reinforced Laminated Pin Joints under Cyclic and Static Loading Conditions. Journal of Composite Materials , 58, 661-675. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241230386
Choi, J. and Chun, Y. (2003) Failure Load Prediction of Mechanically Fastened Composite Joints. Journal of Composite Materials , 37, 2163-2177. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199803038108
Abazadeh, B. and Maleki, H. (2021) Effect of Bolt Tightening on the Fatigue Behavior of GLARE Double Shear Lap Joints. Journal of Composite Materials , 55, 2911-2920. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983211003315
Van Rooijen, R.G.J., Sinke, J., De Vries, T.J. and Van Der Zwaag, S. (2006) The Bearing Strength of Fiber Metal Laminates. Journal of Composite Materials , 40, 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998305053509
Ferret, B., Anduze, M. and Nardari, C. (1998) Metal Inserts in Structural Composite Materials Manufactured by RTM. Composites Part A : Applied Science and Manufacturing , 29, 693-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(97)00107-3
Camanho, P.P., Tavares, C.M.L., de Oliveira, R., Marques, A.T. and Ferreira, A.J.M. (2005) Increasing the Efficiency of Composite Single-Shear Lap Joints Using Bonded Inserts. Composites Part B : Engineering , 36, 372-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.01.007
Muc, A. and Ulatowska, A. (2012) Local Fibre Reinforcement of Holes in Composite Multilayered Plates. Composite Structures , 94, 1413-1419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.11.017
Mara, V., Haghani, R. and Al-Emrani, M. (2016) Improving the Performance of Bolted Joints in Composite Structures Using Metal Inserts. Journal of Composite Materials , 50, 3001-3018. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998315615204
Zhu, Y., Qin, Y., Qi, S., Xu, H., Liu, D. and Yan, C. (2018) Variable Angle Tow Reinforcement Design for Locally Reinforcing an Open-Hole Composite Plate. Composite Structures , 202, 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.01.021
Kolks, G. and Tserpes, K.I. (2014) Efficient Progressive Damage Modeling of Hybrid Composite/Titanium Bolted Joints. Composites Part A : Applied Science and Manufacturing , 56, 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.09.011
Camanho, P.P., Fink, A., Obst, A. and Pimenta, S. (2009) Hybrid Titanium-CFRP Laminates for High-Performance Bolted Joints. Composites Part A : Applied Science and Manufacturing , 40, 1826-1837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.02.010
Petersen, E., Koord, J., Völkerink, O., Stefaniak, D. and Hühne, C. (2019) Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Transition Zone of Locally Steel-Reinforced Joining Areas under Combined Tension-Bending Loading. Journal of Composite Materials , 54, 2339-2352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998319893729
Fink, A., Camanho, P.P., Andrés, J.M., Pfeiffer, E. and Obst, A. (2010) Hybrid CFRP/Titanium Bolted Joints: Performance Assessment and Application to a Spacecraft Payload Adaptor. Composites Science and Technology , 70, 305-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.11.002
Ren, M., Chang, X., Xu, H.Y. and Li, T. (2017) Trans-Scale Analysis of Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel at Cryogenic Temperature. Composite Structures , 160, 1339-1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.10.126
Saha, S., Sullivan, R.W. and Baker, M.L. (2023) Gas Permeability Mitigation of Cryogenically Cycled Stitched Composites Using Thin Plies. Composite Structures , 304, Article ID: 116352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116352
Fukui, H., Yoshimura, A. and Matsuzaki, R. (2016) Structural Optimization for CFRP Cryogenic Tank Based on Energy Release Rate. Composite Structures , 152, 883-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.06.004
Liu, N., Ma, B., Liu, F., Huang, W., Xu, B., Qu, L., et al . (2021) Progress in Research on Composite Cryogenic Propellant Tank for Large Aerospace Vehicles. Composites Part A : Applied Science and Manufacturing , 143, Article ID: 106297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106297
Bang, C.S., Kim, J.G. and Lee, D.G. (2013) Performance Improvement by Glass Fiber of Adhesively Bonded Metal Joints at the Cryogenic Temperature. Composite Structures , 96, 321-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.08.050
Nam, S., Yu, Y.H., Choi, I., Bang, C.S. and Lee, D.G. (2014) Fracture Toughness Improvement of Polyurethane Adhesive Joints with Chopped Glass Fibers at Cryogenic Temperatures. Composite Structures , 107, 522-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.08.015
Kim, J.G., Hwang, Y.J., Yoon, S.H. and Lee, D.G. (2014) Improvement of the Fracture Toughness of Adhesively Bonded Stainless Steel Joints with Aramid Fibers at Cryogenic Temperatures. Composite Structures , 107, 522-527.
Reed, R.P. and Golda, M. (1994) Cryogenic Properties of Unidirectional Composites. Cryogenics , 34, 909-928. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(94)90077-9
Hohe, J., Neubrand, A., Fliegener, S., Beckmann, C., Schober, M., Weiss, K., e t al . (2021) Performance of Fiber Reinforced Materials under Cryogenic Conditions—A Review. Composites Part A : Applied Science and Manufacturing , 141, Article ID: 106226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106226
Sápi, Z. and Butler, R. (2020) Properties of Cryogenic and Low Temperature Composite Materials: A Review. Cryogenics , 111, Article ID: 103190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2020.103190
Yan, M., Liu, Y., Jiang, W., Qin, W., Yan, Y., Wan, L., et al . (2022) Mechanism of Matrix Influencing the Cryogenic Mechanical Property of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composite. Composites Communications , 33, Article ID: 101220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2022.101220
Kim, M., Kang, S., Kim, C. and Kong, C. (2007) Tensile Response of Graphite/Epoxy Composites at Low Temperatures. Composite Structures , 79, 84-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.11.031
Huang, W.J., Li, Y.T., Zhang, Y.M., Xiao, Z.M. and Li, W.G. (2025) Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Interlaminar Shear Behaviors of CFRP Composites at Cryogenic and High Temperatures. Composite Structures , 352, Article ID: 118681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118681
Soykok, I.F., Sayman, O. and Ozen, M. (2012) Low Temperature and Tightening Torque Effects on the Failure Response of Bolted Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composite Joints. Journal of Composite Materials , 47, 3257-3268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998312463828
Khashaba, U.A. (2018) Static and Fatigue Analysis of Bolted/Bonded Joints Modified with CNTs in CFRP Composites under Hot, Cold and Room Temperatures. Composite Structures , 194, 279-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.04.008
Koord, J. and Hühne, C. (2024) Bolt-Bearing Behavior of Hybrid CFRP-Steel Laminates at Low Temperature. Journal of Composite Materials , 58, 2443-2455. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241262955
Toulouklan, Y.S. and Ho, C.Y. (1977) Physical Properties of Selected Aerospace Materials Part II, Thermophysical Properties of Seven Materials. AD A1, 29295, CIN-DAS, Purdue University.
Hust, J.G. (1984) Thermal Conductivity of Glass 1 Fiber/Epoxy Composite Support Bands for Cryogenic Dewars, Phase II. NBSIR 84-3003, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Larsen, T.Ø., Andersen, T.L., Thorning, B., Horsewell, A. and Vigild, M.E. (2007) Comparison of Friction and Wear for an Epoxy Resin Reinforced by a Glass or a Carbon/Aramid Hybrid Weave. Wear , 262, 1013-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.10.004
Schmitt, C., Kremeur, A., Lipinski, P. and Capelle, J. (2024) Numerical Optimization by Finite Element Method of Stainless Steel/Glass-Epoxy Composite Bolted Joint under Tension and Compression. Engineering , 16, 102-122. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2024.164009
Mínguez, J.M. and Vogwell, J. (2006) Effect of Torque Tightening on the Fatigue Strength of Bolted Joints. Engineering Failure Analysis , 13, 1410-1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2005.10.012
Liu, F., Lu, X., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., Xu, J. and Hu, N. (2018) Investigation of Bolt Load Redistribution and Its Effect on Failure Prediction in Double-Lap, Multi-Bolt Composite Joints. Composite Structures , 202, 397-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.02.043
Jiang, Z., Wan, S., Fang, Z. and Song, A. (2021) Static and Fatigue Behaviours of a Bolted GFRP/Steel Double Lap Joint. Thin - Walled Structures , 158, Article ID: 107170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.107170
Gao, Y., Zhang, D., Li, F., Zhao, Q., Zhao, Z. and Chen, Y. (2021) Bearing Strength and Failure Behaviour of Composite Pre-Tightened Multi-Tooth Joint. Composite Structures , 272, Article ID: 114208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114208
Khashaba, U.A., Sallam, H.E.M., Al-Shorbagy, A.E. and Seif, M.A. (2006) Effect of Washer Size and Tightening Torque on the Performance of Bolted Joints in Composite Structures. Composite Structures , 73, 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.02.004
Zhu, Y. and Xiong, J. (2022) Temperature Effect on Mechanical Performances and Failure Mechanisms of Single-Lap Countersunk-Screwed CFRPI-Metal Joint. Composite Structures , 289, Article ID: 115459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115459
He, B.L. (2020) Experimental and Semi-Analytical Investigation of X850 ± IM190 CFRP Bolted Joints. Composites and Advanced Materials , 29, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963693519895009
Kolesnikov, B., Herbeck, L. and Fink, A. (2008) CFRP/Titanium Hybrid Material for Improving Composite Bolted Joints. Composite Structures , 83, 368-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.05.010