Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Influence of Groundwater Hypothetical Salts on Electrical Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
- 1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
- 2 Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
- 3 Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
Copy link · social · email
Abstract
A relationship between electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) was tested for solutions of same salinity levels with respect to different artificial salts with their combinations. Results showed remarkable jumping at the order of the artificial salt sequence specially that of the magnesium type. A computer model is designed with an input of EC and TDS. The output will be the possible prevailing artificial salts. The accuracy of the model was tested by using the groundwater data of Safwan-Zubair area south of Iraq and it proved to be significant at 95% matching. The 5% unmatched results are due to the possibility of having more than one type of prevailing salt.
KeywordsElectrical ConductivityA Computer ModelArtificial SaltsGroundwaterTotal Dissolved Solids
- Siosemarde, M., Kafa, F., Pazira, E., Sedghi, H. and Ghaderi, S.J. (2010) Determine of Constant Coefficients to Relate Total Dissolved Solids to Electrical Conductivity. International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological and Geophysical Engineering, 4, 457-459.
- Hölting, B. and Coldewey, W.G. (2012) Hydrogeologie-Einführung in die Allgemeine und Angewandte. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, 439 p.
- Yilmaz, E. and Koc, C. (2014) Physically and Chemically Evaluation for the Water Quality Criteria in a Farm on Akcay. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6, 63-67. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2014.62010
- Hubert, E. and Wolkersdorfer, C. (2015) Establishing a Conversion Factor between Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids in South Africa Mine Waters. Water SA, 41, 490-500. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v41i4.08
- Todd, D.K. (1990) Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 535 p.
- Todd, D.K. (2007) Groundwater Hydrology. 2nd Edition, 3rd Reprint, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., India.
- State Water Resources Control Board (2016) Groundwater Information Sheet. Salinity, Division of Water Quality, GAMA Program, USA. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/gama/docs/coc_salinity.pdf
- United States Geological Survey (2016) Sources of Dissolved Solids in Brackish Groundwater. http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/brackishgw/sources.html
- Boyd, C.E. (2000) Water Quality an Introduction. Kluwer Academic Publisher, USA, 330 p.
- Hem, J.D. (1985) Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. 3rd Edition, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, Vol. 2254. Washington DC.
- Hem, J.D. (1991) Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1973, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 363 p.
- Boyd, C.E. (1999) Water Quality: An Introduction. Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, The Netherlands.
- Detay, M. (1997) Water Wells—Implementation, Maintenance and Restoration. John Wiley and Sons, London, 379 p.
- Werkema, D.D. (2002) Geoelectrical Response of an Aged LNAPL. Plume: Implications for Monitoring Natural Attenuation. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Western Michigan University, 136 p.
- Ledesma-Ruiz, R., Pastén-Zapata, E., Parra, R., Harter, T. and Mahlknecht, J. (2015) Investigation of the Geochemical Evolution of Groundwater under Agricultural Land: A Case Study in Northeastern Mexico. Journal of Hydrology, 521, 410-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.026