Seepage Velocity of Dibdibba Formation in Karbala, Iraq
- 1 Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
- 2 Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
- 3 Department of Geology, College of Science, Kufa University, Kufa, Iraq
- 4 Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
- 5 Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
- 6 University of Babylon, Coolege of Engineering, Babylon, Iraq
- 7 Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea, Sweden
Abstract
Iraq highly depends on its surface water resources. Now it is facing water shortage problems. For these reasons, the utilization of groundwater will be increasing with time. Karbala Governorate is located in the central part of Iraq. It covers an area of 5034 km 2 and the population exceeds one million. It is characterized by an arid or semiarid environment. Karbala Governorate lack surface water resource and consequently, groundwater is the only available resource. The main groundwater aquifer within the area is Dibdibba formation. It is composed of poorly sorted sand and sand stone with gravel. In this research hydrological and hydrogeological information were used to find out the magnitude and the direction of groundwater seepage velocity. The results indicate that groundwater flow toward the flood plain to the east of the study region. The seepage velocity ranges from 0 to 0.18 m/d, with a general increase when moving from the west to the east.
- Daniel, B. and Bitzer, B. (2011) Water Desalination with Evaporation from Environmental Friendly Waste Heat Source. 46th International Universities’ Power Engineering Conference, Soest, 5.
- Dhakras, P.A. (2011) Nanotechnology Applications in Water Purification and Waste Water Treatment: A Review. International Conference on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology, Tamilnadu, 285-291. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICONSET.2011.6167965
- Al-Ansari, N.A. (2016) Hydropolitics of the Tigris and Euphrates Basins. Engineering, 8, 140-172.
- Al-Ansari, N.A. (2013) Management of Water Resources in Iraq: Perspectives and Prognoses. Journal of Engineering, 5, 667-684. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2013.58080
- Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis—Facing Water Scarcity. World Watch Institute WW Norton & Corporation, New York.
- Issa, I.E., Al-Ansari, N.A., Sherwany, G. and Knutsson, S. (2014) Expected Future of Water Resources within Tigris—Euphrates Rivers Basin in Iraq. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6, 421-432. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2014.65042
- Al-Ansari, N.A., Ali, A. and Knutsson, S. (2014) Present Conditions and Future Challenges of Water Resources Problems in Iraq. Journal of Water Resources and Protection, 6, 1066-1098. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2014.612102
- Al-Ansari, N.A., Ali, A.A. and Knutsson, S. (2015) Iraq Water Resources Planning: Perspectives and Prognoses. XIII International Conference on Civil and Construction Engineering, Jeddah, 26-27.
- Obaid, H.A., Shahid, S., Basim, K.N. and Shreeshivadasan, C. (2014) Modeling Sewerage Overflow in an Urban Residential Area Using Strom Water Management Model. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 26, 163-171.
- Al-Ani, A.A.R. (2004) Selection of Best Technique to Evaluate Groundwater Recharge: A Case Study of Dibdibba Aquifer in Area of Karballa-Najaf, PhD Thesis, University of Baghdad, Baghdad.
- Yacoub, S.Y. (2011) Stratigraphy of The Mesopotamia Plain. Iraqi Bull. Geology Special Issues, 4, 47-82.
- Hassan, K.M. (2007) Stratigraphy of Karbala—Najaf Area, Central Iraq. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, 3, 53-62.
- Barwary, A.M. and Slewa, N.A. (1995) Geological Map of Karbala Quadrangle. State Establishment of Geological Survey and Mining, Library, Baghdad.
- Al-Mussawi, W.H. (2008) Kriging of Groundwater Level—A Case Study of Dibdiba Aquifer in Area of Karballa-Najaf. Journal of Kerbala University, 6, 170-182.