We conducted thermal tests using the reagent tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and various Pd compounds to study the chemical forms of Pd obtained during the pyrolytic and oxidative decomposition of TBBPA. Thermal testing was conducted in an electric furnace at temperatures of 280 ° C - 800 ° C in an Ar or Ar-O 2 (5%) atmosphere for a heating period of 40 min. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results revealed that Pd bromide was formed in the mixture of TBBPA and PdO after heating to 450 ° C in the Ar atmosphere. In addition, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis showed that as the heating temperature was increased from 350 ° C to 730 ° C, weight loss occurred at a nearly constant rate, indicating that Pd bromide decomposed in this temperature range.
KeywordsTetrabromobisphenol APalladiumWaste Electrical and Electronic EquipmentBrominationThermal Processes
Ogunseitan, A.O. (2013) The Basel Convention and e-Waste: Translation of Scientific Uncertainty to Protective Policy. The Lancet Global Health, 1, 313-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70110-4
Huang, K., Guo, J. and Xu, Z. (2009) Recycling of Waste Printed Circuit Boards: A Review of Current Technologies and Treatment Status in China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.051
Cui, J. and Forssberg, E. (2007) Characterisation of Shredded Television Scrap and Implications for Materials Recovery. Waste Management, 27, 415-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.02.003
Ilyas, S., Anwar, M., Niazi, S.B. and Ghauri, M.A. (2007) Bioleaching of Metals from Electronic Scrap by Moderately Thermophilic Acidophilic Bacteria. Hydrometallurgy, 88, 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.04.007
Christian, H. (2006) Recycling of Electronic Scrap at Umicore’s Integrated Metals Smelter and Refinery. World of Metallurgy—ERZMETALL, 59, 152-161.
Yang, H., Liu, J. and Yang, J. (2011) Leaching Copper from Shredded Particles of Waste Printed Circuit Boards. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187, 393-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.051
Oh, C.J., Lee, S.O., Yang, H.K., Ha, T.J. and Kim, M.J. (2003) Selective Leaching of Valuable Metals from Waste Printed Circuit Boards. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 53, 897-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2003.10466230
Oleszek, S., Grabda, M., Shibata, E. and Nakamura, T. (2013) Distribution of Copper, Silver and Gold during Thermal Treatment with Brominated Flame Retardants. Waste Management, 33, 1835-1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.009
Yang, Y., Chen, S., Li, S., Chen, M., Chen, H. and Liu, B. (2014) Bioleaching Waste Printed Circuit Boards by Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans and Its Kinetics Aspect. Journal of Biotechnology, 173, 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.008
Xiu, F.-R., Weng, H., Qi, Y., Yu, G., Zhang, Z. and Zhang, F.-S. (2016) A Novel Reutilisation Method for Waste Printed Circuit Boards as fame Retardant and Smoke Suppressant for poly (vinyl chloride). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 315, 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.076
Xiu, F.-R. and Zhang, F.-S. (2010) Materials Recovery from Waste Printed Circuit Boards by Supercritical Methanol. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178, 628-634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.131
Duan, C.L., Diao, Z.J., Zhao, Y.M. and Huang, W. (2015) Liberation of Valuable Materials in Waste Printed Circuit Boards by High-Voltage Electrical Pulses. Minerals Engineering, 70, 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2014.09.018
Serpe, A., Artizzu, F., Mercuri, M.L., Pilia, L. and Deplano, P. (2008) Charge Transfer Complexes of Dithioxamides with Dihalogens as Powerful Reagents in the Dissolution of Noble Metals. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 252, 1200-1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.024
Ortuno, N., Moltó, J., Conesa, J.A. and Font, R. (2014) Formation of Brominated Pollutants during the Pyrolysis and Combustion of Tetrabromobisphenol A at Different Temperatures. Environmental Pollution, 191, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.006
Lin, K.-H. and Chiang, H.-L. (2014) Liquid Oil and Residual Characteristics of Printed Circuit Board Recycle by Pyrolysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 271, 258-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.031
Chiang, H.-L. and Lin, K.-H. (2014) Exhaust Constituent Emission Factors of Printed Circuit Board Pyrolysis Processes and Its Exhaust Control. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 264, 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.049
Han, S.-K., Bilski, P., Karriker, B., Sik, R.H. and Chignell, C.F. (2008) Oxidation of Flame Retardant Tetrabromobisphenol A by Singlet Oxygen. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071800d
Blazsó, M. and Czégény, Z. (2006) Catalytic Destruction of Brominated Aromatic Compounds Studied in a Catalyst Microbed Coupled to Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1130, 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.009
Luda, M.P., Balabanovich, A.I., Hornung, A. and Camino, G. (2003) Thermal Degradation of a Brominated Bisphenol A Derivative. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 14, 741-748. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.389
Chien, Y.-C., Wang, H.P., Lin, K.S., Huang, Y.-J. and Yang, Y.W. (2000) Fate of Bromine in Pyrolysis of Printed Circuit Board Wastes. Chemosphere, 40, 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00251-9
Liu, W.-J., Tian, K., Jiang, H. and Yu, H.-Q. (2016) Lab-Scale Thermal Analysis of Electronic Waste Plastics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 310, 217-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.044
Matsuura, H. and Tsukihashi, F. (2006) Chlorination Kinetics of ZnO with Ar-Cl2-O2 Gas and the Effect of Oxychloride Formation. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 37, 413-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-006-0026-7
Matsuura, M., Hamano, T. and Tsukihashi, F. (2006) Chlorination Kinetics of ZnFe2O4 with Ar-Cl2-O2 Gas. Materials Transactions, 47, 2524-2532.
Zhang, B., Yan, X.-Y., Shibata, K., Uda, T., Tada, M. and Hirasawa, M. (2000) Thermogravimetric-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of the Reactions between Oxide (ZnO, Fe2O3 or ZnFe2O4) and Polyvinyl Chloride under Inert Atmosphere. Materials Transactions, 41, 1342-1350.
Grabda, M., Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Shibata, E. and Nakamura, T. (2011) Vaporisation of Zinc during Thermal Treatment of ZnO with Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187, 473-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.060
Shibata, E., Grabda, M. and Nakamura, T. (2006) Thermodynamic Consideration of the Bromination Reactions of Inorganic Compound—Considerations of Flame-Retardant Mechanisms and Degradation Recycling of Brominated Flame Retardant Plastics. Journal of the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts, 17, 361-371.
Oleszek, S., Grabda, M., Shibata, E. and Nakamura, T. (2012) TG and TG-MS Methods for Studies of the Reaction between Metal Oxide and Brominated Flame Retardant in Various Atmospheres. Thermochimica Acta, 527, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.09.014
Grabda, M., Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Shibata, E. and Nakamura, T. (2009) Influence of Temperature and Heating Time on Bromination of Zinc Oxide during Thermal Treatment with Tetrabromobisphenol A. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 8936-8941. https://doi.org/10.1021/es901845m
Grabda, M., Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Rzyman, M., Shibata, E. and Nakamura, T. (2009) Studies on Bromination and Evaporation of Zinc Oxide during Thermal Treatment with TBBPA. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 1205-1210. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802400y
Oleszek, S., Grabda, M., Shibata, E. and Nakamura, T. (2013) Fate of Lead Oxide during Thermal Treatment with Tetrabromobisphenol A. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 261, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.028
Oleszek, S., Grabda, M., Shibata, E. and Nakamura, T. (2013) Study of the Reactions between Tetrabromobisphenol A and PbO and Fe2O3 in Inert and Oxidizing Atmospheres by Various Thermal Methods. Thermochimica Acta, 566, 218-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.06.003
Rzyman, M., Grabda, M., Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Shibata, E. and Nakamura, T. (2010) Studies on Bromination and Evaporation of Antimony Oxide during Thermal Treatment of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 88, 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2010.02.004
Grabda, M., Oleszek, S., Shibata, E. and Nakamura, T. (2014) Study on Simultaneous Recycling of EAF Dust and Plastic Waste Containing TBBPA. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 278, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.084