Environmental degradation and the emission of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide have expanded problems to human wellness and to the atmosphere. The second-most populated country in the globe, India, is among the primary users of conventional resources, which leads to global warming. The growth rate is anticipated to raise more before 2050, which will cause the brisk industrial expansion and rising energy demand to both increases. In order to reduce carbon emissions and meet energy requirements, many countries use alternate usage of renewable energy particularly solar energy. In this review we aim to study solar panel schemes initiated by India, mainly focusing on National Solar Mission. This study also reviews the present solar installed capacity, solar panel scheme 2022, and initiatives and outcomes of solar panels in residences and offices. This study reviewed that by using solar panel resources, the (MNRE) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy hopes to help the Indian Government reach its purpose of 100 GW solar installed capacity by end of 2022. Despite having an amazing 40 GW of solar power installed capacity till December 2021, India is still far from reaching its own goal of 100 GW by March 2023 as per NSM. In essence, this means that India will need to change a few of its ongoing plans further.
KeywordsRenewable EnergySolar PanelCarbon Dioxide EmissionSchemes of the Indian GovernmentInitiatives
Shahsavari, A. and Akbari, M. (2018) Potential of Solar Energy in Developing Countries for Reducing Energy-Related Emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 90, 275-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.065
Lu, Y., Khan, Z.A., Alvarez-Alvarado, M.S., Zhang, Y., Huang, Z. and Imran, M. (2020) A Critical Review of Sustainable Energy Policies for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources. Sustainability, 12, Article 5078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125078
Koohi-Fayegh, S. and Rosen, M.A. (2020) A Review of Renewable Energy Options, Applications, Facilitating Technologies and Recent Developments. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 4, Article No: em0138. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/8432
Birol, F. (2021) India Energy Outlook 2021. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/1de6d91e-e23f-4e02-b1fb-51fdd6283b22/India_Energy_Outlook_2021.pdf
Heubaum, H. and Biermann, F. (2015) Integrating Global Energy and Climate Governance: The Changing Role of the International Energy Agency. Energy Policy, 87, 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.09.009
Rutovitz, J., Dominish, E. and Downes, J. (2015) Calculating Global Energy Sector Jobs. https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/43718/1/Rutovitzetal2015Calculatingglobalenergysectorjobsmethodology.pdf
IEA, I. (2015) India Energy Outlook. US Energy Information. https://www.iea.org/reports/india-energy-outlook-2015
Hussain, A., Arif, S.M. and Aslam, M. (2017) Emerging Renewable and Sustainable Energy Technologies: State of the Art. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, 12-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.033
Owusu, P.A. and Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. (2016) A Review of Renewable Energy Sources, Sustainability Issues and Climate Change Mitigation. Cogent Engineering, 3, Article 1167990. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990
Teske, S., Pregger, T., Simon, S. and Naegler, T. (2015) Energy [R]Evolution—A Sustainable World Energy Outlook. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-canada-stateless/2018/06/Energy-Revolution-2015-Full.pdf
Gulagi, A., Bogdanov, D. and Breyer, C. (2018) The Role of Storage Technologies in Energy Transition Pathways towards Achieving a Fully Sustainable Energy System for India. Journal of Energy Storage, 17, 525-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2017.11.012
Hairat, M.K. and Ghosh, S. (2017) 100 GW Solar Power in India by 2022—A Critical Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 73, 1041-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.012
Qazi, A., Hussain, F., Rahim, N.A., Hardaker, G., Alghazzawi, D., Shaban, K. and Haruna, K. (2019) Towards Sustainable Energy: A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Sources, Technologies, and Public Opinions. IEEE Access, 7, 63837-63851. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2906402
Sharma, S., Jain, K.K. and Sharma, A. (2015) Solar Cells: In Research and Applications—A Review. Materials Sciences and Applications, 6, 1145-1155. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2015.612113
Degree Solar (2022) The Different Types of Solar Panels. https://www.deegesolar.co.uk/types_of_solar_panels/
Raina, G. and Sinha, S. (2019) Outlook on the Indian Scenario of Solar Energy Strategies: Policies and Challenges. Energy Strategy Reviews, 24, 331-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.04.005
Friedrich, J., von Ammon, W. and Müller, G. (2015) 2—Czochralski Growth of Silicon Crystals. In: Handbook of Crystal Growth, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 45-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63303-3.00002-X
Green, M., Hishikawa, Y., Dunlop, E., Levi, D., Hohl-Ebinger, J., Yoshita, M. and Ho-Baillie, A.W.Y. (2018) Solar Cell Efficiency Tables. Progress in Photovoltaics, 27, 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3102
Mesquita, D.D.B., Silva, J.L.D.S., Moreira, H.S., Kitayama, M. and Villalva, M.G. (2019) A Review and Analysis of Technologies Applied in PV Modules. 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference—Latin America (ISGT Latin America), Gramado, 15-18 September 2019, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2019.8895369
Kuravi, S., Trahan, J., Goswami, D.Y., Rahman, M.M. and Stefanakos, E.K. (2013) Thermal Energy Storage Technologies and Systems for Concentrating Solar Power Plants. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 39, 285-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2013.02.001
Quitzow, R. (2015) Assessing Policy Strategies for the Promotion of Environmental Technologies: A Review of India’s National Solar Mission. Research Policy, 44, 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.09.003
Solangi, K.H., Islam, M.R., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A. and Fayaz, H. (2011) A Review on Global Solar Energy Policy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2149-2163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.01.007
Purohit, I. and Purohit, P. (2018) Performance Assessment of Grid-Interactive Solar Photovoltaic Projects under India’s National Solar Mission. Applied Energy, 222, 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.135
Kulkarni, T., Hingne, A., Agarwal, V. and Altamirano, J.C. (2022) Sustainable Development Impacts of Renewable Power: Insights from Three Indian States. World Resources Institute, 1-46. https://doi.org/10.46830/wriwp.20.00109
MNRE (2016) Annual Report 2016-17. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi. https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1608050046985.pdf
Goel, M. (2016) Solar Rooftop in India: Policies, Challenges and Outlook. Green Energy & Environment, 1, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2016.08.003
Yenneti, K. (2016) The Grid-Connected Solar Energy in India: Structures and Challenges. Energy Strategy Reviews, 11, 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2016.06.002
Moallemi, E.A., Aye, L., Webb, J.M., de Haan, F.J. and George, B.A. (2017) India’s On-Grid Solar Power Development: Historical Transitions, Present Status and Future Driving Forces. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.032
Franco, S., Mandla, V.R. and Rao, K.R.M. (2017) Urbanization, Energy Consumption and Emissions in the Indian Context a Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, 898-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.117
Satheedevi, A.G., Sharma, A. and Dhar, M. (2022) How Do the Anthropogenic Factors Affect the Environment in India? Evidence from the Urban Provinces. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 183, Article 121950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121950
Goswami, A., Phukan, A., Borah, A. and Hazarika, M. (2017) Solar Energy Utilization in Raj Bhawan and Bijulee Bhawan, Guwahati: A Case Study. ADBU Journal of Engineering Technology, 6, Article 6031201. https://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/AJET/article/view/404
Chandel, S.S. and Sarkar, A. (2015) Performance Assessment of a Passive Solar Building for Thermal Comfort and Energy Saving in a Hilly Terrain of India. Energy and Buildings, 86, 873-885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.035
Chandel, S.S., Sharma, A. and Marwaha, B.M. (2016) Review of Energy Efficiency Initiatives and Regulations for Residential Buildings in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1443-1458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.060
Kochhar, P., Mahal, N., Seth, S. and Singh, M. (2022) Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment—A Green-Building Rating System for Catalysing Climate-Change Mitigation/Adaptation in India. F1000Research, 11, 153-182. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.108826.1
Makol, N., Gupta, P., Mital, M. and Syal, M. (2020) Government Initiatives for Solar Home Systems for Rural Electrification in India: Outlook and Challenges. International Journal of Home Science, 6, 32-38. https://www.homesciencejournal.com/archives/2020/vol6issue3/PartA/6-3-10-717.pdf
The Outlook for Residential Rooftop Solar in India (2021) PV Magazine India. https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/11/30/the-outlook-for-residential-rooftop-solar-in-india/
Rohankar, N., Jain, A.K., Nangia, O.P. and Dwivedi, P. (2016) A Study of Existing Solar Power Policy Framework in India for Viability of the Solar Projects Perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 56, 510-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.062
Jain, M., Mital, M. and Syal, M. (2022) Solar Energy Policy for Commercial Buildings Sector: Recommendations for the Indian Scenario. Journal of Energy and Power Technology, 4, Article 14. https://doi.org/10.21926/jept.2202014
Gandhi, H.H., Hoex, B. and Hallam, B.J. (2022) Strategic Investment Risks Threatening India’s Renewable Energy Ambition. Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, Article 100921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100921
Majid, M.A. (2020) Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development in India: Current Status, Future Prospects, Challenges, Employment, and Investment Opportunities. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 10, Article No. 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0232-1
Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bazilian, M.D., Wagner, N. and Gorini, R. (2019) The Role of Renewable Energy in the Global Energy Transformation. Energy Strategy Reviews, 24, 38-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006
Singh, U., Rizwan, M., Malik, H. and García Márquez, F.P. (2022) Wind Energy Scenario, Success and Initiatives towards Renewable Energy in India—A Review. Energies, 15, Article 2291. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062291
Rynska, E. (2022) Review of PV Solar Energy Development 2011-2021 in Central European Countries. Energies, 15, Article 8307. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218307
Elavarasan, R.M., Shafiullah, G.M., Kumar, N.M. and Padmanaban, S. (2020) A State-of-the-Art Review on the Drive of Renewables in Gujarat, State of India: Present Situation, Barriers and Future Initiatives. Energies, 13, Article 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010040
Shahsavari, A. and Akbari, M. (2018) Potential of Solar Energy in Developing Countries for Reducing Energy-Related Emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 90, 275-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.065
Lu, Y., Khan, Z.A., Alvarez-Alvarado, M.S., Zhang, Y., Huang, Z. and Imran, M. (2020) A Critical Review of Sustainable Energy Policies for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources. Sustainability, 12, Article 5078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125078
Koohi-Fayegh, S. and Rosen, M.A. (2020) A Review of Renewable Energy Options, Applications, Facilitating Technologies and Recent Developments. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 4, Article No: em0138. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/8432
Birol, F. (2021) India Energy Outlook 2021. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/1de6d91e-e23f-4e02-b1fb-51fdd6283b22/India_Energy_Outlook_2021.pdf
Heubaum, H. and Biermann, F. (2015) Integrating Global Energy and Climate Governance: The Changing Role of the International Energy Agency. Energy Policy, 87, 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.09.009
Rutovitz, J., Dominish, E. and Downes, J. (2015) Calculating Global Energy Sector Jobs. https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/43718/1/Rutovitzetal2015Calculatingglobalenergysectorjobsmethodology.pdf
IEA, I. (2015) India Energy Outlook. US Energy Information. https://www.iea.org/reports/india-energy-outlook-2015
Hussain, A., Arif, S.M. and Aslam, M. (2017) Emerging Renewable and Sustainable Energy Technologies: State of the Art. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, 12-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.033
Owusu, P.A. and Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. (2016) A Review of Renewable Energy Sources, Sustainability Issues and Climate Change Mitigation. Cogent Engineering, 3, Article 1167990. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990
Teske, S., Pregger, T., Simon, S. and Naegler, T. (2015) Energy [R]Evolution—A Sustainable World Energy Outlook. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-canada-stateless/2018/06/Energy-Revolution-2015-Full.pdf
Gulagi, A., Bogdanov, D. and Breyer, C. (2018) The Role of Storage Technologies in Energy Transition Pathways towards Achieving a Fully Sustainable Energy System for India. Journal of Energy Storage, 17, 525-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2017.11.012
Hairat, M.K. and Ghosh, S. (2017) 100 GW Solar Power in India by 2022—A Critical Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 73, 1041-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.012
Qazi, A., Hussain, F., Rahim, N.A., Hardaker, G., Alghazzawi, D., Shaban, K. and Haruna, K. (2019) Towards Sustainable Energy: A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Sources, Technologies, and Public Opinions. IEEE Access, 7, 63837-63851. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2906402
Sharma, S., Jain, K.K. and Sharma, A. (2015) Solar Cells: In Research and Applications—A Review. Materials Sciences and Applications, 6, 1145-1155. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2015.612113
Degree Solar (2022) The Different Types of Solar Panels. https://www.deegesolar.co.uk/types_of_solar_panels/
Raina, G. and Sinha, S. (2019) Outlook on the Indian Scenario of Solar Energy Strategies: Policies and Challenges. Energy Strategy Reviews, 24, 331-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.04.005
Friedrich, J., von Ammon, W. and Müller, G. (2015) 2—Czochralski Growth of Silicon Crystals. In: Handbook of Crystal Growth, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 45-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63303-3.00002-X
Green, M., Hishikawa, Y., Dunlop, E., Levi, D., Hohl-Ebinger, J., Yoshita, M. and Ho-Baillie, A.W.Y. (2018) Solar Cell Efficiency Tables. Progress in Photovoltaics, 27, 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3102
Mesquita, D.D.B., Silva, J.L.D.S., Moreira, H.S., Kitayama, M. and Villalva, M.G. (2019) A Review and Analysis of Technologies Applied in PV Modules. 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference—Latin America (ISGT Latin America), Gramado, 15-18 September 2019, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2019.8895369
Kuravi, S., Trahan, J., Goswami, D.Y., Rahman, M.M. and Stefanakos, E.K. (2013) Thermal Energy Storage Technologies and Systems for Concentrating Solar Power Plants. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 39, 285-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2013.02.001
Quitzow, R. (2015) Assessing Policy Strategies for the Promotion of Environmental Technologies: A Review of India’s National Solar Mission. Research Policy, 44, 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.09.003
Solangi, K.H., Islam, M.R., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A. and Fayaz, H. (2011) A Review on Global Solar Energy Policy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2149-2163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.01.007
Purohit, I. and Purohit, P. (2018) Performance Assessment of Grid-Interactive Solar Photovoltaic Projects under India’s National Solar Mission. Applied Energy, 222, 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.135
Kulkarni, T., Hingne, A., Agarwal, V. and Altamirano, J.C. (2022) Sustainable Development Impacts of Renewable Power: Insights from Three Indian States. World Resources Institute, 1-46. https://doi.org/10.46830/wriwp.20.00109
MNRE (2016) Annual Report 2016-17. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi. https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1608050046985.pdf
Goel, M. (2016) Solar Rooftop in India: Policies, Challenges and Outlook. Green Energy & Environment, 1, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2016.08.003
Yenneti, K. (2016) The Grid-Connected Solar Energy in India: Structures and Challenges. Energy Strategy Reviews, 11, 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2016.06.002
Moallemi, E.A., Aye, L., Webb, J.M., de Haan, F.J. and George, B.A. (2017) India’s On-Grid Solar Power Development: Historical Transitions, Present Status and Future Driving Forces. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.032
Franco, S., Mandla, V.R. and Rao, K.R.M. (2017) Urbanization, Energy Consumption and Emissions in the Indian Context a Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, 898-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.117
Satheedevi, A.G., Sharma, A. and Dhar, M. (2022) How Do the Anthropogenic Factors Affect the Environment in India? Evidence from the Urban Provinces. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 183, Article 121950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121950
Goswami, A., Phukan, A., Borah, A. and Hazarika, M. (2017) Solar Energy Utilization in Raj Bhawan and Bijulee Bhawan, Guwahati: A Case Study. ADBU Journal of Engineering Technology, 6, Article 6031201. https://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/AJET/article/view/404
Chandel, S.S. and Sarkar, A. (2015) Performance Assessment of a Passive Solar Building for Thermal Comfort and Energy Saving in a Hilly Terrain of India. Energy and Buildings, 86, 873-885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.035
Chandel, S.S., Sharma, A. and Marwaha, B.M. (2016) Review of Energy Efficiency Initiatives and Regulations for Residential Buildings in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1443-1458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.060
Kochhar, P., Mahal, N., Seth, S. and Singh, M. (2022) Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment—A Green-Building Rating System for Catalysing Climate-Change Mitigation/Adaptation in India. F1000Research, 11, 153-182. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.108826.1
Makol, N., Gupta, P., Mital, M. and Syal, M. (2020) Government Initiatives for Solar Home Systems for Rural Electrification in India: Outlook and Challenges. International Journal of Home Science, 6, 32-38. https://www.homesciencejournal.com/archives/2020/vol6issue3/PartA/6-3-10-717.pdf
The Outlook for Residential Rooftop Solar in India (2021) PV Magazine India. https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/11/30/the-outlook-for-residential-rooftop-solar-in-india/
Rohankar, N., Jain, A.K., Nangia, O.P. and Dwivedi, P. (2016) A Study of Existing Solar Power Policy Framework in India for Viability of the Solar Projects Perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 56, 510-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.062
Jain, M., Mital, M. and Syal, M. (2022) Solar Energy Policy for Commercial Buildings Sector: Recommendations for the Indian Scenario. Journal of Energy and Power Technology, 4, Article 14. https://doi.org/10.21926/jept.2202014
Gandhi, H.H., Hoex, B. and Hallam, B.J. (2022) Strategic Investment Risks Threatening India’s Renewable Energy Ambition. Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, Article 100921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100921
Majid, M.A. (2020) Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development in India: Current Status, Future Prospects, Challenges, Employment, and Investment Opportunities. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 10, Article No. 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0232-1
Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bazilian, M.D., Wagner, N. and Gorini, R. (2019) The Role of Renewable Energy in the Global Energy Transformation. Energy Strategy Reviews, 24, 38-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006
Singh, U., Rizwan, M., Malik, H. and García Márquez, F.P. (2022) Wind Energy Scenario, Success and Initiatives towards Renewable Energy in India—A Review. Energies, 15, Article 2291. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062291
Rynska, E. (2022) Review of PV Solar Energy Development 2011-2021 in Central European Countries. Energies, 15, Article 8307. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218307
Elavarasan, R.M., Shafiullah, G.M., Kumar, N.M. and Padmanaban, S. (2020) A State-of-the-Art Review on the Drive of Renewables in Gujarat, State of India: Present Situation, Barriers and Future Initiatives. Energies, 13, Article 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010040