Governance of Energy Transition in South Africa: A Sociotechnical Analysis of the Electricity System

Abstract

Energy access extends beyond social amenities; it is an essential part of life. The energy supply system is a crucial infrastructure because it underpins all sectors of society. South Africa, recognised for its infrastructure development, has experienced a slowdown in service delivery due to a decline in energy supply. Several factors contribute to reduced energy access; however, a close connection exists between South Africa’s electricity and coal minerals, known as the minerals-energy complex (MEC). The MEC system influences South Africa’s electricity supply, as it relies heavily on coal mining. Consequently, the decreasing demand for coal, driven by rising climate awareness, causes ripple effects on South Africa’s electricity system. Therefore, there is an urgent need to transition from the current energy production system to sustainable forms of energy generation. This study examines the governance of the energy transition from a fossil fuel-based electricity system to renewable sources in South Africa, focusing on the roles of actors, institutions, national and global networks, and the dynamics at various levels that determine the success or failure of the transition. The research employs the sociotechnical system framework, based on the theories of the multi-level perspective (MLP) and strategic niche management (SNM). The findings indicate that the emerging electricity system cannot fully replace the existing regime; it can only complement it. Therefore, the government should promote the development of renewable energy equipment and component manufacturing companies within South Africa to create jobs, particularly for coal workers affected by the transition to renewable energy. Furthermore, the government should actively fund renewable energy projects and incentivise their adoption.