Developing an Integrated Logistics Framework for Very Large Floating Structures: The Case of Brazil’s Pre-Salt and Ammonia Production

Abstract

This article proposes an integrated logistics framework to enable the use of Very Large Floating Structures (VLFS) in the Brazilian pre-salt region, connecting the monetization of offshore natural gas to ammonia production with carbon capture and storage (blue ammonia). The framework derives from four analytical pillars: operational governance, operational excellence, strategic vision, and stakeholder relations. It is operationalized through ten guiding principles that address planning, governance, performance management, technological innovation, sustainability and regulatory compliance, supporting infrastructure, stakeholder engagement, safety and resilience, digitalization, and economic viability. The study situates VLFS within the historical evolution of large floating systems and emphasizes their energy applications and construction strategies. A case study using natural gas from the Búzios field, in the Brazilian pre-salt, illustrates a modern ammonia production route that combines carbon storage with established technology for ammonia production, involving the unit operations of desulfurization, pre-reforming, autothermal reforming with pure oxygen, high- and low-temperature shift reactions, selective CO 2 removal with MDEA, methanation, and Haber-Bosch synthesis, supported by cogeneration, air separation units, and water and effluent treatment with high availability of natural gas from the pre-salt. The logistics chain integrates subsea pipelines, offshore processing, cryogenic storage at −33˚C, specialized terminals with biweekly shipments on vessels of up to 40,000 m 3 , under strict safety, traceability, and contingency planning requirements. Policies and regulations, including IMO standards and regional initiatives, and clean logistics technologies are discussed in terms of carbon emissions reduction and competitiveness. Innovations in the field, such as the use of drones and unmanned surface vessels, indicate operational gains and a lower greenhouse gas footprint. The analysis concludes that a multidisciplinary, data-driven logistics model adapted to Brazilian specificities is central for minimizing financial, safety, and sustainability risks, positioning Brazil as a benchmark in low-carbon offshore value chains.