The complication of adulterated ingredients in processed food items is widely observed in the food industry and remains a continuous disquiet for end users. This problem may affect consumers’ spiritual beliefs, likewise with their fitness and diet. Hence commercial foods should be scrutinized for the precision of the avowed ingredients. This study is dedicated to developing a Fluorescent light Spectroscope to identify the pork adulteration. A simple way of DNA extraction process has been introduced to make the system more convenient. The spectral bands linked with pork fat (PF), beef fat (BF) and their combinations in different food formulation were skimmed, and recognized by correlating them to those spectroscopically illustrative to clean Pork or PF and other different items. Every material has the properties to absorb some light of specific wavelength, and our activity is to determine thus wavelength range at which are absorbed or make any change by the target material. The findings have revealed that spectroscopy can be used as one of the procedures to detect and quantify of pork in different foods and beverages formulation for Halal verification purposes. Special laborious procedures and equipment both are essential for the existing testing methods named RT-PCR (Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Most of the food processors and dealers are not skillful to conduct sufficient testing for their products with all these sample preparation, extraction, analysis, and obtaining results which can be overcome by our proposed setup.
Regenstein, J.M., Chaudry, M.M. and Regenstein, C.E. (2003) The Kosher and Halal Food Laws. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2, 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00018.x
Bonne, K. and Verbeke, W. (2008) Muslim Consumer Trust in Halal Meat Status and Control in Belgium. Meat Science, 79, 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.08.007
Coni, E., Pasquale, M.D., Cappolelli, P. and Bocca, A. (1994) Detection of Animal Fats in Butter by Differential Scanning Calorimetry: A Pilot Study. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society, 71, 807-810. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540453
Kowalski, B. (1989) Sub-Ambient Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Lard and Lard Contaminated by Tallow. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 24, 415-420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb00661.x
Farag, R.S., Abo-raya, S.H., Ahmed, F.A., Hewedi, F.M. and Khalifa, H.H. (1983) Fractional Crystallization and Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Fatty Acids as a Means of Detecting Butterfat Adulteration. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society, 24, 1665-1669. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02662429
Marikkar, J.M.N., Ghazali, H.M., Che Man, Y.B., Peiris, T.S.G. and Lai, O.M. (2005) Distinguishing Lard from Other Animal Fats in Admixtures of Some Vegetable Oils Using Liquid Chromatographic Data Coupled with Multivariate Data Analysis. Food Chemistry, 91, 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.080
Rashood, K.A., Shaaban, R.R.A., Moety, E.M.A. and Rauf, A. (1995) Triacylglycerols Profiling by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: A Tool for Detection of Pork Fat (Lard) in Processed Foods. Journal of Liquid Chromatography, 18, 2661-2673. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826079508009316
Saeed, T., Ali, S.G., Rahman, H.A. and Sawaya, W.N. (1989) Detection of Pork and Lard as Adulterants in Processed Meat: Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Derivatized Triglycerides. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 72, 921-925. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.6.921
Che Man, Y.B. and Mirghani, M.E.S. (2001) Detection of Lard Mixed with Body Fats of Chicken, Lamb, and Cow by Fourier Transform. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 78, 753-761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-001-0338-4
Aida, A.A., Che Man, Y.B., Wong, C.M.V.L., Raha, A.R. and Son, R. (2003) Analysis of Raw Meats and Fats of Pigs Using Polymerase Chain Reaction for Halal Authentication. Meat Science, 69, 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.06.020
Aida, A.A., Che Man, Y.B., Raha, A.R. and Son, R. (2003) Detection of Pig Derivatives in Food Products for Halal Authentication by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87, 569-572. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2699
Rodriguez, M.A., Garcia, T., Gonzalez, I., Hernandez, P.E. and Martin, R. (2005) TaqMan Real-Time PCR for the Detection and Quantitation of Pork in Meat Mixtures. Meat Science, 70, 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.12.005
Chen, S.-Y., Liu, Y.-P. and Yao, Y.-G. (2010) Species Authentication of Commercial Beef Jerky Based on PCR-RFLP Analysis of the Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene. Journal of Genetics and Genomics, 37, 763-769. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1673-8527(09)60093-X
Ghovvati, S., Nassiri, M.R., Mirhoseini, A.H., Moussavi, H. and Javadmanesh, A. (2009) Fraud Identification in Industrial Meat Products by Multiplex PCR Assay. Food Control, 20, 696-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.09.002
Man, Y.B.C., Gan, H.L., NorAini, I., Nazimah,, S.A.H. and Tan, C.P. (2005) Detection of Lard Adulteration in RBD Palm Olein Using an Electronic Nose. Food Chemistry, 90, 829-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.05.062
Asensio, L., Gonzlez, I., Garca, T. and Martin, R. (2003) Determination of Food Authenticity by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Food Control, 19, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.02.010
Hossain, M.S., Jahid, A., Islam, K.Z. and Rahman, M.F. (2020) Solar PV and Biomass Resources-Based Sustainable Energy Supply for Off-Grid Cellular Base Stations. IEEE Access, 8, 53817-53840. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2978121
Hossain, M.S., Jahid, A., Islam, K.Z., Alsharif, M.H. and Rahman, M.F. (2020) Multi-Objective Optimum Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Sustainable Energy Supply to a Green Cellular Networks. Sustainability, 12, 3536. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093536
Hossain, M.S., Islam, K.Z., Jahid, A., Rahman, K.M., Ahmed, S. and Alsharif, M.H. (2020) Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy Sharing Technique. Sustainability, 12, 9340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229340
Hossain, M.S., Jahid, A., Islam, K.Z., Alsharif, M.H., Rahman, K.M., Rahman, M.F. and Hossain, M.F. (2020) Towards Energy Efficient Load Balancing for Sustainable Green Wireless Networks under Optimal Power Supply. IEEE Access, 8, 200635-200654. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3035447
Hossain, M.B., Kabir, M.A., Hossain, M.S., Islam, K.Z, Hossain, M.S., Pathan, I., Mondol, N., Abdulrazak, L.F., Hossain, M.A. and Rana, M.M. (2003) Numerical Modeling of MoS2-Graphene Bilayer-Based High-Performance Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor: Structure Optimization for DNA Hybridization. Optical Engineering, 59, 105. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.59.10.105105
Kawser, M.T., Islam, M.R., Islam, K.Z., Islam, M.A., Hassan, M.M., Ahmed, Z. and Hasan, R. (2016) Improvement in DRX Power Saving for Non-Real-Time Traffic in LTE. ETRI Journal, 38, 622-633. https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.16.0115.0883
Jahid, A., Islam, K.Z., Hossain, M.S., Hasan Monju, M.K. and Rahman, M.F. (2019) Performance Evaluation of Cloud Radio Access Network with Hybrid Power Supplies. International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI), Dhaka, 24-25 December 2019, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/STI47673.2019.9068074
Hossain, M.S., Rahman, M., Sarker, M.T., Haque, M.E. and Jahid, A. (2019) A Smart IoT Based System for Monitoring and Controlling the Sub-Station Equipment. Internet of Things, 7, Article ID: 100085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2019.100085
Haque, M.E., Asikuzzaman, M., Khan, I.U., Ra, I.H., Hossain, M.S. and Shah, S.B.H. (2020) Comparative Study of IoT-Based Topology Maintenance Protocol in a Wireless Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring. Remote Sensing, 12, 2358. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12152358
Hossain, M.B., Hossain, M.S., Islam, S.M.R., Sakib, M.N., Islam, K.Z., Hossain, M.A., Hossain, M.S., Hosen, A.S.M.S. and Cho, G.H. (2020) Numerical Development of High Performance Quasi D-Shape PCF-SPR Biosensor: An External Sensing Approach Employing Gold. Results in Physics, 18, Article ID: 103281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103281
Hossain, M.B., Kabir, M.A., Rahman, M.M., Roy, S., Abdulrazak, L.F., Hossain, M.S., Mondol, N., Rahman, M.H., Islam, K.Z. and Pathan, M.I. (2020) Hybrid Structure Based High Performance SPR Sensor: A Numerical Approach of Structure Optimization for DNA Hybridization. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 53, Article No. 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02650-9
Hossain, M.F., Mahin, A.U., Debnath, T., Mosharrof, F.B. and Islam, K.Z. (2019) Recent Research in Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) for 5G Cellular Systems: A Survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 139, 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2019.04.019
Al-Amin, M.R., Chowdhury, S.S. and Islam, K.Z. (2015) Design and Simulation of an Edge-Coupled Band Pass Filter at X Band. IEEE International Conference on Materials, Electronics & Information Engineering (ICMEIE), Rajshahi, 5-6 June 2015, 1-5.
Hossain, M.S., Raha, B.K., Paul, D. and Haque, M.E. (2015) Optimization and Generation of Electrical Energy Using Wind Flow in Rural Area of Bangladesh. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 10, 895-902. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.10.2445
Hossain, M.S. and Rahman, M.F. (2020) Hybrid Solar PV/Biomass Powered Energy Efficient Remote Cellular Base Stations. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 10, 329-342.
Gmez, A.H., Wang, J., Hu, G. and Pereira, A.G. (2006) Electronic Nose Technique Potential Monitoring Mandarin Maturity. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 113, 347-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2005.03.090
Gmez, A.H., Wang, J., Hu, G. and Pereira, A.G. (2007) Discrimination of Storage Shelf-Life for Mandarin by Electronic Nose Technique. LWT—Food Science and Technology, 40, 681-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.03.010
Yu, H. and Wang, J. (2007) Discrimination of Longjing Green-Tea Grade by Electronic Nose. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 122, 134-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.05.019
Cosio, Ballabio, M.C., Benedetti, S. and Gigliotti, C. (2006) Geographical Origin and Authentication of Extra Virgin Olive Oils by an Electronic Nose in Combination with Artificial Neural Networks. Analytica Chimica Acta, 567, 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.035
Haddi, Z., Amari, A., Ali, A., Bari, N.E., Barhoumi, H., Maaref, A., Jaffrezic-Renault and Bouchikhi, B.N. (2011) Discrimination and Identification of Geographical Origin Virgin Olive Oil by an e-Nose Based on MOS Sensors and Pattern Recognition Techniques. Procedia Engineering, 25, 1137-1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.280
Hai, Z. and Wang, J. (2006) Electronic Nose and Data Analysis for Detection of Maize Oil Adulteration in Sesame Oil. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 119, 449-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.01.001
Penza, M. and Cassano, G. (2004) Recognition of Adulteration of Italian Wines by Thin Film Multisensor Array and Artificial Neural Networks. Analytica Chimica Acta, 509, 159-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.026
Musatov, V.Y., Sysoev, V.V., Sommer, M. and Kiselev, I. (2010) Assessment of Meat Freshness with Metal Oxide Sensor Microarray Electronic Nose: A Practical Approach. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 144, 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.10.040
Limbo, S., Torri, S., Sinelli, N., Franzetti, L. and Casiraghi, E. (2010) Evaluation and Predictive Modeling of Shelf Life of Minced Beef Stored in High-Oxygen Modified Atmosphere Packaging at Different Temperatures. Meat Science, 84, 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.035
Nurjuliana, M., Che Man, Y.B., Mat Hashim, D. and Mohamed, A.K.S. (2011) Rapid Identification of Pork for Halal Authentication Using the Electronic Nose and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer with Headspace Analyzer. Meat Science, 88, 638-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.02.022
Garcia, M., Aleixandre, M. and Gutirrez, M.C. (2006) Electronic Nose for Ham Discrimination. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 114, 418-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2005.04.045
Rohman, A., Sismindar, Erwanto, Y. and Che Man, Y.B. (2011) Analysis of Pork Adulteration in Beef Meatball Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Meat Science, 88, 91-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.12.007
Araujo de Vizcarrondo, C., Carrillo de Padilla, F. and Martn, E. (1998) Fatty Acid Composition of Beef, Pork, and Poultry Fresh Cuts, and Some of Their Processed Products. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 48, 354-358.
Rice, G. (2017) DNA Extraction, Educational Resources, Microbial Life. Montana State University, Bozeman.
Miller, D.N., Bryant, J.E., Madsen, E.L. and Ghiorse, W.C. (1999) Evaluation and Optimization of DNA Extraction and Purification Procedures for Soil and Sediment Samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 4715-4724. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.65.11.4715-4724.1999