Objective : Obesity is an important health problem, leading to many metabolic diseases such as type2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, cancer e tc. The re are many diet proposals to combat obesity. Since obesity is relatively rare in Japan, we wanted to know what kind s of foods influence body mass index (BMI) in old Japanese people. Methods : Healthy participants were given self-administered diet history questionnaires and described answers on each item by recollection of diets they took (7 days dietary recall). We used a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) by using which the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare reports national Nutrition Surveys. From these questionnaires, we calculated the intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein or other foods. Results : M e n take more alcohol, salt fruit, beans, and eggs than women. Intakes of major foods such as carbohydrate , lipid , and protein did not influence BMI in men and women. Conclusion : Within the range of foods intakes in Japan, no restriction of any food such as carbohydrate is not necessary for staying lean.
KeywordsCarbohydrateProteinFishGlucoseInsulinBMI (Body Mass Index)Obesity
WHO (2000) Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic: Report of a WHO Consultation. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 894, 1-253.
Kuczmarski, R.J., Flegal, K.M., Campbell, S.M. and Johnson, C.L. (1994) Increasing Prevalence of Overweight among US Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA, 272, 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03520030047027
Poirier, P., Giles, T.D., Bray, G.A., et al. (2006) Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss: An Update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation, 113, 898-918. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171016
Gardner, C.D., Kiazand, A., Alhassan, S., et al. (2007) Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and Learn Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors among Overweight Premenopausal Women: The A to Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial. JAMA, 297, 969-977. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.9.969
Brehm, B.J., Seeley, R.J., Daniels, S.R. and D’Alessio, D.A. (2003) A Randomized Trial Comparing a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet and a Calorie-Restricted Low Fat Diet on Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88, 1617-1623. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021480
Foster, G.D., Wyatt, H.R., Hill, J.O., et al. (2003) A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 2082-2090. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022207
Stern, L., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., et al. (2004) The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Versus Conventional Weight Loss Diets in Severely Obese Adults: One-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 140, 778-785. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00007
Ludwig, D.S. and Ebbeling, C.B. (2018) The Carbohydrate-Insulin Model of Obesity: Beyond “Calories In, Calories Out”. JAMA Internal Medicine, 178, 1098-1103. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2933
Shai, I., Schwarzfuchs, D., Henkin, Y., Shahar, D.R., Witkow, S., Greenberg, I., Golan, R., Fraser, D., Bolotin, A., Vardi, H., Tangi-Rozental, O., Zuk-Ramot, R., Sarusi, B., Brickner, D., Schwartz, Z., Sheiner, E., Marko, R., Katorza, E., Thiery, J., Fiedler, G.M., Blüher, M., Stumvoll, M. and Stampfer, M.J. (2008) Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 229-241. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708681
WHO (2016) Global Health Observatory Data Repository (2015, 5.15), IMF World Economic Outlook Database, October.
Shimizu, F., Ogawa, M., Takao, T., Ishii, Y. and Takada, A. (2016) Correlations among Various Foods Uptakes and Body Mass Index (BMI) or Plasma Parameters. Obesity: Open Access, 2, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.16966/2380-5528.123
Ishii, Y., Shimizu, F., Ogawa, M., Takao, T. and Takada, A. (2016) Gender Differences in Foods Uptakes, Glycemic Index, BMI, and Various Plasma Parameters between Young Men and Women in Japan. Integrated Foods, Nutrition and Metabolism, 3, 427-430. https://doi.org/10.15761/IFNM.1000163
Shimizu, F., Ishii, Y., Ogawa, M., Takao, T., Matsuoka, K., Kato, K. and Takada, A. (2017) Relationship between Various Food Uptakes and Body Mass Index (BMI) in Japanese Young and Old Men and Women. Journal of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, 3, 2.
Shimizu, F., Ishii, Y., Ogawa, M., Takao, T., Matsuoka, K., Kato, K. and Takada, A. (2017) Age and Gender Influence Differently on Various Foods Intakes, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Levels of Various Plasma Parameters in Young and Old Men and Women in Japan. Obesity: Open Access, 3, 1-7.
Covas, M.I., Nyyssönen, K., Poulsen, H.E., et al. (2006) The Effect of Polyphenols in Olive Oil on Heart Disease Risk Factors: A Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 145, 333-341. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-5-200609050-00006
Templin, T., Cravo Oliveira Hashiguchi, T., Thomson, B., Dieleman, J. and Bendavid, E. (2019) The Overweight and Obesity Transition from the Wealthy to the Poor in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Survey of Household Data from 103 Countries. PLOS Medicine, 16, e1002968. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002968
Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017) Worldwide Trends in Body-Mass Index, Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity from 1975 to 2016: A Pooled Analysis of 2416 Population-Based Measurement Studies in 128.9 Million Children, Adolescents, and Adults. The Lancet, 390, 2627-2642.
Roberto, C.A., Swinburn, B., Hawkes, C., Huang, T.T., Costa, S.A., Ashe, M., Zwicker, L., Cawley, J.H. and Brownell, K.D. (2015) Patchy Progress on Obesity Prevention: Emerging Examples, Entrenched Barriers, and New Thinking. The Lancet, 385, 2400-2409. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61744-X
World Health Organization (2012) A Comprehensive Global Monitoring Framework Including Indicators and a Set of Voluntary Global Targets for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Chang, A.Y., Riumallo-Herl, C., Salomon, J.A., Resch, S.C., Brenzel, L. and Verguet, S. (2018) Estimating the Distribution of Morbidity and Mortality of Childhood Diarrhea, Measles, and Pneumonia by Wealth Group in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. BMC Medicine, 16, 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1074-y
Dinsa, G.D., Goryakin, Y., Fumagalli, E. and Suhrcke, M. (2012) Obesity and Socioeconomic Status in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review. Obesity Reviews, 13, 1067-1079. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01017.x
Deuchert, E., Cabus, S. and Tafreschi, D. (2014) A Short Note on Economic Development and Socioeconomic Inequality in Female Body Weight. Health Economics, 23, 861-869. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.2968
Goryakin, Y., Lobstein, T., James, W.P. and Suhrcke, M. (2015) The Impact of Economic, Political and Social Globalization on Overweight and Obesity in the 56 Low and Middle Income Countries. Social Science & Medicine, 133, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.030