Occurrence of <i>Enterobacter sakazakii</i> (<i>Cronobacter</i>) and Other Enterobacteriaceae in Commercial Powdered Infant Formula in Abidjan, Ivory Coast — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Occurrence of <i>Enterobacter sakazakii</i> (<i>Cronobacter</i>) and Other Enterobacteriaceae in Commercial Powdered Infant Formula in Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Department of Sciences and Food Technology, University of Abobo-Adjamé, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
,
Department of Microbiology, National Laboratory of Public Health, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
,
Department of Sciences and Food Technology, University of Abobo-Adjamé, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
,
Department of Sciences and Food Technology, University of Abobo-Adjamé, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
,
Deprtment of Hydrology and Public Health, University of Cocody, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
,
Deprtment of Hydrology and Public Health, University of Cocody, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
,
Department of Sciences and Food Technology, University of Abobo-Adjamé, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
,
Department of Microbiology, National Laboratory of Public Health, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
1 Department of Sciences and Food Technology, University of Abobo-Adjamé, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
2 Department of Microbiology, National Laboratory of Public Health, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
3 Department of Sciences and Food Technology, University of Abobo-Adjamé, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
4 Department of Sciences and Food Technology, University of Abobo-Adjamé, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
5 Deprtment of Hydrology and Public Health, University of Cocody, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
6 Deprtment of Hydrology and Public Health, University of Cocody, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
7 Department of Sciences and Food Technology, University of Abobo-Adjamé, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
8 Department of Microbiology, National Laboratory of Public Health, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire
To determine the occurrence of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enerobateriaceae in commercial powdered infant formula (PIF), 185 packages of PIF from different manufacturers, supermarkets and drug-stores in Abidjan were analyzed. Ten g of sample was homogenized in 90 ml of buffered peptone water (PBW, Biorad, Paris) for further studies. Enterobacteriaceae (coliforms) were enumerated according to French Association of Standardization methods. E. sakazakii was detected according to Kandhai’s method. Bacteria were identified using API20 system. Thirty-eight samples (20.5%) were positive for Enterobacteriaceae. Twenty-four samples (13%) yielded Enterobacter sakazakii . Other Enterobacteriaceae isolated included Pantoea spp. 21 (11.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. Pneumonia 8 (4.3%), Citrobacter diversus 1 (0.5%), Citrobacter freundii 1 (0.5%), Enterobacter cloacae 1 (0.5%), Salmonella reading 1 (0.5%), Serratia ficara 1 (0.5%) Serratia odorifera 1 (0.5%). This study is the first report to describe the contamination of PIF from Abidjan with E. sakazakii and several other Enterobacteriaceae that could be opportunistic pathogens. Therefore, well-controlled studies need to be conducted to assess the extent of risk associated with contaminated PIF for infants in Abidjan.
J. Breeuwer, A. Lardeau, M. Peterez and H. M. Joosten, “Desiccation and Heat Tolerance of Enterobacter sakazakii,” Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 95, No. 5, 2003, pp. 967-973. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02067.x
C. Agostoni, I. Axelsson, O. Goulet, B. Koletzko, K. F. Michaelsen, J. W. Puntis, J. Rigo R. Shamir, H. Szajewska, D. Turck, Y. Vandenplas, L. T. Weaver and ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition, “Preparation and Handling of Powdered Infant Formula: A Commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition,” Journal of Pediatric and Gastroenterology Nutrition, Vol. 339, No. 4, 2004, pp. 320-322. doi:10.1097/00005176-200410000-00002
Centers for Disease Control Prevention, “Enterobacter sakazakii Infections Associated with the Use of Powdered Infant Formula—Tennessee,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, Vol. 51, No. 14, 2002, pp. 297-300.
New Zealand Ministry of Health, “Enterobacter sakazakii,” 2010. http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/0/526cb4a064b49a31cc257042007c4ef3?OpenDocument.
H. L. Muytjens, H. Roelofs-Willemse, G. H. J. Jasper, “Quality of Powdered Sustitues for Breast Milk with Regard to Members Of the Family Enterobacteriaceae,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. 4, 1988, pp. 743-746.
M. Friedemann, “Enterobacter sakazakii in Food and Beverages (Other than Infant Formula and Milk Powder),” International Journal of Food Microbiology, Vol. 116, No 1, 2007, pp. 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.12.018
M. C. Kandhai, M. W. Reij, L. G. Gorris, O. GuillaumeGentil and M. van Schothorst, “Occurrence of Enterobacter sakazakii in Food Production Environments and Households,” Lancet, Vol. 363, No. 9402, 2004, pp. 3940. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15169-0
F. R. Noriega, K. L. Kotloff, M. A. Martin, R. S. Schwalbe, “Nosocomial Bacteremia Caused by Enterobacter sakazakiki and Leuconostoc mesenteroides Resulting from Extrinsic Contamination of Infant Formula,” Pediatric Infection Disease Journal, Vol. 9, No. 6, 1990, pp. 447-449. doi:10.1097/00006454-199006000-00018
United State Food and Drug Administration, “Isolation and Enumeration of Enterobacter sakazakii from Dehydrated Infantformula,” 2002. http://www.cfsanfdagov/～comm/mmesakaz.html.
Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization, “Enterobacter sakazakii and Microorganisms in Powdered Infant Formula,” 2005. http://www.apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf
J. van Acker, F. de Smet, G. Muyldermans, A. Bougatef, A. Naessens and S. Lauwers, “Outbreak of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Associated with Enterobacter sakazakii in Powdered Milk Formula,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2001, pp. 293-297. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.1.293-297.2001
M. C. Kandhai, M. W. Reij and L. G. M Gorris, “Occurrence of Enterobacter sakazakii in Food Production Environments and Households,” The Lancet, Vol. 363, No. 9402, 2004, pp. 39-40. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15169-0
M. C. Kandhai, M. W. Reij, K. Van Puyveld, O. Guillaume-Gentil, R. R. Beumer and M. Van Schothorst, “A New Protocol for the Detection of Enterobacter sakazakii Applied to Environmental Samples,” Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 67, No. 6, 2004, pp. 1267-1270.
S. Estuningsih, C. Kress, A. A. Hassan, O. Akineden, E. Schneider and E. Usleber, “Enterobacteriaceae in Dehydrated Powdered Infant Formula Manufactured in Indonesia and Malaysia,” Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 69, No. 12, 2006, pp. 3013-3017.
J. C. Barron and S. J. Forsythe, “Dry Stress and Survival Time of Enterobacter sakazakii and Other Enterobacteriaceae in Dehydrated Powdered Infant Formula,” Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 70, No 9, 2007, pp. 21112117.
P. Breeuwer, A. Lardeau, M. Peterz and H. M. Joosten, “Desiccation and Heat Tolerance of Enterobacter sakazakii,” Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 95, No. 5, 2003, pp. 967-973. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02067.x
J. B. Gurtler and L. R. Beuchat, “Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii in Powdered Infant Formula as Affected by Composition, Water Activity, and Temperature,” Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 70, No. 7, 2007, pp. 15791586.
S. H. Kim and J. H. Park, “Thermal Resistance and Inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii Isolates during Rehydration of Powdered Infant Formula,” Journal of Microbial and Biotechnology, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2007, pp. 364368.
Z. W. Jaradat, Q. O. Ababneh, I. M. Saadoun, N. A. Samara and A. M. Rashdan, “Isolation of Cronobacter spp. (Formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) from Infant Food, Herbs and Environmental Samples and the Subsequent Identification and Confirmation of the Isolates Using Biochemical, Chromogenic Assays, PCR and 16S rRNA Sequencing,” BMC Microbiology 2009. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-225
J. van Acker, F. de Smet, G. Muyldermans, A. Bougatef, A. Naessens and S. Lauwers, “Outbreak of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Associated with Enterobacter sakazakii in Powdered Milk Formula,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2001, pp. 293-297. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.1.293-297.2001
C. Iversen, M. Lane and S. J. Forsythe, “The Growth Profile, Thermotolerance and Biofilm Formation of Enterobacter sakazakii Grown in Infant Formula Milk,” Letters in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 38, No. 5, 2004, pp. 378-382. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01507.x
World Health Organization, “Mother-Baby Package: Implementing Safe Motherhood in Countries,” 1994. http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/who_dhe_msm_9411/en/index.html
World Health Organization, “New Data on the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and Their Policy Implications: Conclusions and Recommendations,” 2001. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_RHR_01.28.pdf
République de C?te d’Ivoire/Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, “Plan national de développement stratégique 2009-2013,” www.mshp-ci.com.
D. Drudy, M. O’Rourke, M. Murphy, N. R. Mullane, R. O’Mahony, L. Kelly, M. Fischer, S. Sanjaq, P. Shannon, P. Wall, M. O’Mahony, P. Whyte and S. Fanning, “Characterization of a Collection of Enterobacter sakazakii Isolates from Environmental and Food Sources,” International Journal of Food Microbiology, Vol. 110, No. 2, 2006, pp.127-134. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.02.008
M. C. Kandhai, M. W. Reij, L. G. Gorris, O. GuillaumeGentil and M. van Schothorst, “Occurrence of Enterobacter sakazakii in Food Production Environments and Households,” Lancet, Vol. 363, No. 9402, 2004, pp. 3940. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15169-0
B. Arku, N. Mullane, E. Fox, S. Fanning and K. Jordan, “Enterobacter sakazakii Survives Spray Drying,” International Journal of Dairy Technology, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2008, pp. 102-108. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0307.2008.00375.x
P. Breeuwer, A. Lardeau, M. Peterz and H. M. Joosten, “Desiccation and Heat Tolerance of Enterobacter sakazakii,” Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 95, No. 5, 2003, pp. 967-973. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02067.x
S. C. Yoro, B. A. Naoufal, A. Koua, A. N’Gbakoua and M. Dosso, “Surveillance de l’Hygiène des Employés des Manufactures de Traitement des Produits Alimentaires à Abidjan (C?te d’Ivoire) de 1990 à 1995,” Microbiologie et Hygiène Alimentaire, Vol. 15, No. 42, 2003, pp. 15-18.