Obesity is usually considered as an overweight or excess body fat, leading to increased health problems. Obesity is a major risk factor for a number of serious diseases. Decreasing dietary fat absorption, through inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity, has been reported to be one of the most effective ways for managing obesity. The present study was aimed at investigating lipase inhibitors from edible plants. A lipase inhibitor was isolated from n -hexane and ethyl ace tate extracts of the ripe fruits of Solanum stramonifolium Jacq. by column chromatography and identified by spectral analysis. Its structure was elucidated as (22 R )-3 β-benzoyloxy-22-hydroxy-4α-methyl-5α-stigmast-7-en-6-one or carpes terol ( 1 ). Carpesterol exhibited moderate lipase inhibition activity with IC 50 value of 56.0 μg/mL while orlistat, a well- know pancreatic lipase inhibitor, had IC 50 value of 3.5 ng/mL. Moreover, the kinetic properties of carpesterol on pan creatic lipase were evaluated. Carpesterol is a competitive inhibitor and exhibited antagonistic interaction when com bined with orlistat on lipase inhibition activity.
E. Cairns, “Obesity: The Fat Lady Sings?” Drug Discovery Today, Vol. 10, No. 5, 2005, pp. 305-307. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03375-1
P. G. Kopelman, “Obesity as a Medical Problem,” Nature, Vol. 404, No. 6778, 2000, pp. 635-643.
G. A. Bray, “The Underlying Basis for Obesity: Relationship to Cancer,” The Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 132, No. 11, 2002, pp. 3451S-3455S.
P. Hadváy, H. Lengsfeld and H. Wolfer, “Human Digestive and Metabolic Lipases,” Biochemical Journal, Vol. 256, Pt. 2, 1988, pp. 357-361.
T. D. Filippatos, C. S. Derdemezis, I. F. Gazi, E. S. Nakou, D. P. Mikhalidis and M. S. Elisaf, “Orlistat-Associated Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions: A Critical Review,” Drug Safety, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2008, pp. 53-65. doi:10.2165/00002018-200831010-00005
M. Yamamoto, S. Shimura, Y. Itoh, T. Ohsaka, M. Egawa and S. Inoue, “Anti-Obesity Effects of Lipase Inhibitor CT-II, an Extract from Edible Herbs, Nomame Herba, on Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet,” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, Vol. 24, No. 6, 2000, pp. 758-764. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801222
K. Satouchi, K. Hirano, O. Fujino, M. Ikoma, T. Tanaka and K. Kitamura, “Lipoxygenase-1 from Soybean Seed Inhibiting the Activity of Pancreatic Lipase,” Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Vol. 62, No. 8, 1998, pp. 1498-1503.
R. B. Birari and K. K. Bhutani, “Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors from Natural Sources: Unexplored Potential,” Drug Discovery Today, Vol. 12, No. 19, 2007, pp. 879-889. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2007.07.024
M. Nakai, Y. Fukui, S. Asami, Y. Toyoda-Ono, T. Iwashita, H. Shibata, T. Mitsunaga, F. Hashimoto and Y. Kiso, “Inhibitory Effects of Oolong Tea Polyphenols on Pancreatic Lipase in Vitro,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 53, No. 11, 2005, pp. 4593-4598. doi:10.1021/jf047814+
D. A. Moreno, N. Ilic, A. Poulev, D. L. Brasaemle, S. K. Fried and I. Raskin, “Inhibitory Effects of Grape Seed Extract on Lipases,” Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 10, 2003, pp. 876-879.
N. Sharma, V. K., Sharma and S. Y. Seo, “Screening of Some Medical Plants for Anti-Lipase Activity,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 97, No. 3, 2005, pp. 453-456. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(03)00167-9
L. K. Han, B. J. Xu, Y. Kimura, Y. N. Zheng and H. Okuda, “Platycodi Radix Affects Lipid Metabolism in Mice with High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity,” The Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 130, No. 11, 2000, pp. 2760-2764.
P. Slanc, B. Doljak, A. Mlinaric and B. Strukelj, “Screening of Wood Damaging Fungi and Macrofungi for Inhibitors of Pancreatic Lipase,” Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 18, No. 9, 2004, pp. 758-762. doi:10.1002/ptr.1548
T. K. Bhattacharya, M. N. Ghosh and S. S. Subramanian, “A Note on Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carpesterol,” Fitoterapia, Vol. 51, No. 5, 1980, pp. 265-268.
Y. H. Tsay, J. V. Silverton, J. A. Beisler and Y. Sato, “The Structure of Carpesterol,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 92, No. 23, 1970, pp. 7005-7006. doi:10.1021/ja00726a068
J. A. Beisler and Y. Sato, “The Chemistry of Carpesterol, a Novel Sterol from Solanum xanthocarpum,” The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 36, No. 25, 1971, pp. 3946-3950. doi:10.1021/jo00824a022
G. Kusano, T. Takemoto, J. A. Beisler and Y. Sato, “Steroidal Constituents of Solanum xanthocarpum,” Phytochemistry, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1975, pp. 529-523. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(75)85123-5
A. K. Chakravarty, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Saha and S. C. Pakrashi, “A Neolignan and Sterols in Fruits of Solanum sisymbrifolium,” Phytochemistry, Vol. 41, No. 3, 1996, pp. 935-939. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(95)00671-0
S. Hogan, A. Fleury, P. Hadvary, H. Lengsfeld, M. K. Meier, J. Triscari and A. C. Sullivan, “Studies on the An tiobesity Activity of Tetrahydrolipstatin, a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Pancreatic Lipase,” International Journal of Obesity, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1987, pp. 35-42.
W. Samee, M. Engkalohakul, N. Nebbua, P. Direkroja navuti, C. Sornchaithawatwong and N. Kamkaen, “Correlation Analysis between Total Acid, Total Phenolic and Ascorbic Acid Contents in Fruit Extracts and Their Anti oxidant Activities,” Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2006, pp. 196-203.
C. Junmatong, J. Uthaibutra and K. Saengnil, “Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Skin and Pulp of Eggplant Fruits,” Agricultural Science Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2008, pp. 384-387.
P. Wetwitayaklung and T. Phaechamud, “Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Content of Solamun and Capsicum sp.,” Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2011, pp. 146-154.
R. Sarnthima and S. Khammuang, “Antibacterial Activities of Solanum stramonifolium Seed Extract,” International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012, pp. 111-115.
A. Sakunpak and P. Panichayupakaranant, “Antibacterial Activity of Thai Edible Plants against Gastrointestinal Pathogenic Bacteria and Isolation of a New Broad Spectrum Antibacterial Polyisoprenylated Benzophenone, Chamuangone,” Food Chemistry, Vol. 130, No. 4, 2012, pp. 826-831. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.088
I. Z. Saiyed and D. D. Kanga, “Fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum,” Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1936, pp. 255-260.
O. M. Singh, K. Subharani, N. I. Singh, N. B. Devi and L. Nevidita, “Isolation of Steroidal Glycosides from Solanum xanthocarpum and Studies on Their Antifungal Activities,” Natural Product Research, Vol. 21, No. 7, 2007, pp. 585-590. doi:10.1080/14786410701369458