The paper presents a Precaution Index (P) developed to create an instrument to assess the potential risk related to the presence of pollution sources next to milk production farms. The methodology starts from the inventory and geo-referencing of all pollution sources in an area, with the help of the multi-criteria decision analysis. Results are represented in a map of P, which highlights which areas are most at risk and need monitoring, and which pollutants may be involved. This may help in the early identification of emerging hazards to food safety. P was calculated for the milk production in an Italian region. Results show that 97% of the area is in a condition of minimum precaution that would be needed in controlling the safety of dairy products.
KeywordsEnvironmental PollutionPrecaution IndexGISMulti-Criteria AnalysisCow’s MilkEmilia-Romagna Region
The European Environment—State and Outlook 2010. http://wwweeaeuropaeu/soer
Marshall, F.M. and Te-Lintelo, D.T.H. (2001) Pollution Effects: Social and Economic Implications of Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture in India. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 5 Leusden.
Jager, H. J., Unsworth, M.H., De Temmerman, L. and Mathy, P. (1993) Effects of Air Pollution on Agricultural Crops in Europe Air Pollution Research Report 46. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels Belgium.
Ashmore, M.R. and Marshall, F.M. (1999) Ozone Impacts on Agriculture: an Issue of Global Concern. Advances in Botanical Research, 29, 32-49.
Agrawal, M., Singh, B., Rajput, M., Marshall, F. and Bell, J.N.B. (2003) Effect of Air Pollution on Peri-Urban Agriculture: A Case Study. Environmental Pollution, 126, 323-329.
Te-Lintelo, D.T.H., Marshall, F.M. and Bhupal, D.S. (2002) Urban Food: The Role of Urban and Peri Urban Agriculture in India: A Case Study from Delhi. Food Nutrition and Agriculture, 29, 4-13.
Capuano, F., Cavalchi, B., Martinelli, G., Pecchini, G., Renna, S.E.I., Bertacchi, M. and Bigliardi, G. (2005) Environmental Prospection for PCDD/PCDF PAH PCB and Heavy Metals in the Incinerator Power Plant of Reggio Emilia Town (Northern Italy) and Surrounding Main Roads. Chemosphere, 58, 1563-1569.
Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M. and Domingo, J.L. (2007) Levels of metals PCBs PCNs and PAHs in Soils of a Highly Industrialized Chemical/Petrolchemical Area: Temporal Trend. Chemosphere, 66, 267-276.
Novotny, V. (1999) Diffuse Pollution from Agriculture. A Worldwide Outlook. Water Science and Technology, 39, 1-13.
D’Arcy, B. and Frost, A. (2001) The Role of Best Management Practices in Alleviating Water Quality Problems Associated with Diffuse Pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 265, 359-367.
Collins, A.L. and McGonigle, D.F. (2008) Monitoring and Modelling Diffuse Pollution from Agriculture for Policy Support. UK and European Experience Environmental Science & Policy, 11, 97-101.
Iital, A., Pachel, K. and Deelstra, J. (2008) Monitoring of Diffuse Pollution from Agriculture to Support Implementation of the WFD and the Nitrate Directive in Estonia. Environmental Science & Policy, 11, 185-193.
Banai-Kashani, A.R. (1989) New Method for Site Suitability Analysis—The Analytic Hierarchy Process. Environmental Management, 13, 685-693.
Candura, A., Dal Sasso, P. and Marinelli, G. (2009) Analisi Multi Criteri e GIS per la Facilitazione Delle Scelte di Pianificazione. Atti del IX Convegno Nazionale Associazione Italiana Ingegneria Agraria Ischia Porto, Ischia Porto, 12-16 Settembre 2009, 13 Pages.
Aprile, A. (2008) Un’applicazione GIS per la realizzazione di una carta di vocazione agrituristica nel territorio leccese MTISD. Methods Models and Information Technologies for Decision Support Systems Università del Salento Lecce 18-20 September 2008, 91-94.
Ghamgosar, M., Haghyghy, M., Mehrdoust, F. and Arshad, N. (2011) Multicriteria Decision Making Based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in GIS for Tourism. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 10, 501-507.
Cherubini, C., Orlando, G., Reina, A. and Torre, C.M. (2006) La sinergia tra analisi multicriteriale (AMC) e GIS nella valutazione del rischio di esondazione: Il bacino della lama Baronale-Picone (Ba). Giornale di Geologia Applicata, 3, 109-113.
Fernandez, D.F. and Lutz, M.A. (2010) Urban Flood Hazard Zoning in Tucuman Province Argentina Using GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. Engineering Geology, 111, 90-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.12.006
Vasiljevic, T.Z., Sdrjevic, Z., Bajcetic, R. and Miloradov, M.V. (2012) GIS and the Analytic Hierarchy Process for Regional Landfill Site Selection in Transitional Countries: A Case of Study from Serbia. Environmental Management, 49, 445-458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9792-3
Saaty, T.L. (1980) The Analytic Hierarchy Process. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Saaty, T.L. (2008) Decision Making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process. International Journal of Services Sciences, 1, 83-98.
Marinoni, O. (2004) Implementation of the Analytical Hierarchy Process with VBA in ArcGis. Computers & Geosciences, 30, 637-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2004.03.010
O’Brien, B., Mehra, R., Connolly, J.F. and Harrington, D. (1999) Seasonal Variation in the Composition of Irish Manufacturing and Retail Milks 4 Minerals and Trace Elements. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 38, 97-99.
Sola-Larranaga, C. and Inigo Navarro-Blasco, I. (2009) Chemometric Analysis of Minerals and Trace Elements in Raw Cow Milk from the Community of Navarra Spain. Food Chemistry, 112, 189-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.062
Orak, H., Yanardag, R. and Hugul, M. (2000) The Levels of Sodium Potassium Magnesium and Calcium in Various Milk Samples of Turkey. Food/Nahrung, 44, 285-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3803(20000701)44:4 3.0.CO;2-A
Rodríguez, E.M., Sanz, M. and Díaz, C. (2001) Mineral Concentrations in Cows’ Milk from the Canary Island. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 14, 419-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfca.2000.0986
Lante, A., Lomolino, G., Cagnin, M. and Spettoli, P. (2004) Content and Characterisation of Minerals in Milk and in Crescenza and Squacquerone Italian Fresh Cheeses by ICP-OES. Food Control, 17, 229-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.10.010
Licata, P., Trombetta, D., Cristani, M., Giofre, F., Martino, D., Calo, M., et al. (2004) Levels of “Toxic” and “Essential” Metals in Samples of Bovine Milk from Various Dairy Farms in Calabria Italy. Environmental International, 30, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00139-9
Dobrzarnski, Z., Kolacz, R., Górecka, H., Chojnacka, K. and Bartkowiak, A. (2005) The Content of Microelements and Trace Elements in Raw Milk from Cows un the Silesian Region. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 14, 685689.
Hermansen, J.E., Badsnerg, J.H., Kristensen, T. and Gundersen, V. (2005) Major and Trace Elements in Organically or Conventionally Produced Milk. Journal of Dairy Research, 72, 362-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022029905000968
Coni, E., Caroli, S., Ianni, D. and Bocca, A. (1994) A Methodological Approach to the Assessment of Trace Elements in Milk and Dairy Products. Food Chemistry, 50, 203-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(94)90121-X
Coni, E., Bocca, A., Ianni, D. and Caroli, S. (1995) Preliminary Evaluation of the Factors Influencing the Trace Element Content of Milk and Dairy Products. Food Chemistry, 52, 123-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(94)P4190-Q
Simsek, O., Gültekin, R., OKsüz, O. and Kurultay, S. (2000) The Effect of Environmental Pollution on the Heavy Metal Content of Raw Milk. Food/Nahrung, 44, 360-363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3803(20001001)44:5 3.0.CO;2-G
Muniz-Naveiro, O., Domínguez-González, R., Bermejo-Barrera, A., Cocho de Juan, J.A., Fraga Bermúdez, J.M., Goris Pereiras, A., et al. (2005) Selenium Content and Distribution in Cows’ Milk Supplemented with Two Dietary Selenium Sources. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 9817-9822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf050155w
Concannon, C. (2005) Dioxin Levels in the Irish Environment A Third Assessment (Summer 2004) Based on Levels in Cows’ Milk Environmental Protection Agency Wexford Ireland. http://www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/other/dioxinresults/EPA_ dioxin_levels_in_the_irish_environment_2004.pdf
O’Donovan, J.V., O’Farrell, K.J., O’Mahony, P. and Buckley, J.F. (2011) Temporal Trends in Dioxin Furan and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Concentrations in Bovine Milk from Farms Adjacent to Industrial and Chemical Installations over a 15-Year Period. The Veterinary Journal, 190, 117-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.02.024
Anderson, V.R. and Fisher, R. (2002) Sources of Dioxins in the United Kingdom: The Steel Industry and Other Sources. Chemosphere, 46, 371-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00178-3
ARPAV Veneto Dipartimenti Provinciali di Padova e Treviso (2009) Modellistica di dispersione degli inquinanti atmosferici dal Cementificio Rossi di Pederobba (Treviso). Sintesi non tecnica del documento prodotto dall’Osservatorio Regionale Aria ARPAV (prot n 126686 del 14/10/2009).
Ba, T., Zheng, M., Zhang, B., Liu, W., Xiao, K. and Zhang, L. (2009) Estimation and Characterization of PCDD/Fs and Dioxin-Like PCBs from a Secondary Copper and Aluminium Metallurgies in China. Chemosphere, 75, 1173-1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.052
Boraldi ,V. and Captano, F. (2010) Gestione ambientale nel distretto ceramica. Ecoscienza, 3, 116-117.
EniPower (2006) Dichiarazione Ambientale-Stabilimento di Ferrera Erbognone.
Franzaring, J., Hrenn, H., Schumm, C., Klumpp, A. and Fangmeier, A. (2006) Environmental Monitoring of Fluoride Emissions Using Precipitation Dust Plant and Soil Samples. Environmental Pollution, 144, 158-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.033
Fraternali, D. and Oliveti Selmi, O. (2003) Le emissioni di centrali a ciclo combinato Analisi e confronto con impianti termoelettrici tradizionali. RichMac Magazine, 5, 1-5.
Kalabokas, P.D., Hatzianestis, J., Bartzis, J.G. and Papagiannakopoulos, P. (2001) Atmospheric Concentrations of Saturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons around a Greek Oil Refinery. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 2545-2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00423-4
Leonardi, M., Madeo, L., Martini, M.G. and Matteucci, M. (2006) Trattamento dei rifiuti in Campania: Impatto sulla salute umana Messa a punto di indicatori sintetici di pericolosità e di esposizione ai rifiuti. http://www.protezionecivile.it/docs/www.ulpiano11.com/docs/ rapportoRifiuti08/RelazioneStudioIndAmb.pdf
Liem, A.K.D., Hoogerbrugge, R., Kootstra, P.R., Van der Velde, E.G. and De Jong, A.P.J.M. (1991) Occurrence of Dioxins in Cow’s Milk in the Vicinity of Municipal Waste Incinerators and a Metal Reclamation Plant in the Netherlands. Chemosphere, 23, 1675-1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(91)90016-7
Neto, B., Kroeze, C., Hordijk, L. and Costa, C. (2009) Inventory of Pollution Reduction Option for Aluminium Pressure Die Casting Plant. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 53, 309-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.01.003
Pitea, D., Bortolami, M., Collina, E., Cortili, G., Franzoni, F., Lasagni, M. and Piccinelli, E. (2008) Prevention of PCdd/F Formation and Minimization of Their Emission at the Stack of a Secondary Aluminum Casting Plant. Environmental Science Technology, 42, 7476-7481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es800976s
Rapiti-Caputo, D. and Vaccaio, C. (2006) Geochemical Evidences of Landfill Leachate in Groundwater. Engineering Geology, 85, 101-121.
Roorda-Knape, M.C., Janssen, N.A.H., De Hartog, J.J., Van Vlietp, H.N., Harssema, H. and Brunekreef, B. (1998) Air Pollution from Traffic in City Districts near Major Motorways. Atmospheric Environment, 32, 1921-1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00496-2
Schumacker, M., Granero, S., Xifro, A., Domingo, J.L., Rivera, J. and Eljarrat, E. (1998) Levels of PCDD/Fs in Soil Sample in the Vicinity of the Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator. Chemosphere, 37, 2127-2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00275-6
Thompson, G., Swain, J., Kay, M. and Forster, C.F. (2001) The Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent: A Review. Bioresource Technology, 77, 275-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00060-2
Tuhackova, J., Cajthaml, T., Novak, K., Novotny, C., Mertelik, J. and Sasek, V. (2001) Hydrocarbon Deposition and Soil Microflora as Affected by Highway Traffic. Environmental Pollution, 113, 225-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00193-7
Kleter, G.A. and Marvin, H.J.P. (2009) Indicators of Emerging Hazards and Risks to Food Safety. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 1022-1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.028
Viard, B., Pihan, F., Promeyra, S. and Pihan, J.C. (2004) Integrated Assessment of Heavy Metal (Pb Zn Cd) Highway Pollution: Bioaccumulation in Soil Graminaceae and Land Snails. Chemosphere, 55, 1349-1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.003
Marvin, H.J.P., Kleter, G.A., Frewewr, L.J., Cope, S., Wentholt, M.T.A. and Rowe, G. (2009) A Working Procedure to Identify Emerging Food Safety Issues at an Early Stage: Implications for European and International Risk Manager Practices. Food Control, 20, 345-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.07.024