Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (sorrel) has been widely used in the development of tropical beverages and folk medicine. This study’s objective was to investigate the anti-obesity potential of sorrel calyx extracts (methanol and water) on 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. Phytochemical content, antioxidant potential as DPPH (1, 1 -Diphenyl- 2 -picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and enzyme ( α -glucosidase, α -amylase, and pancreatic lipase) inhibitory activities were determined in sorrel methanol extracts (SME) and sorrel water extracts (SWE). Effect of SWE and SME on lipid accumulation, lipolysis and apoptosis were tested in 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and maintenance stage of cells at selected concentrations (200 - 1000 μg/ml) was studied. The total phenolic (GAE mg/100g dry weight) and total flavonoid (mg catechin equi/ 100g dry we ight) contents in SME and SWE were 158.31 and 317.27 and 90.77 and 100.08. DPPH% inhibition (IC- 50 -mg/ml) and FRAP (mmol Fe [II]/100g dry weight) were 0.82 and 0.33 and 1799. 13 and 2296.38 for SWE and SME, respectively. SME and SWE inhibited α -glucosidase, α -amylase, and pancreatic lipase activities by more than 40% at 4mg/ml. Significant (p < 0.05) reduction in lipid accumulation and increased glycerol release in 3T3-L1 cells was observed at concentrations ranged from 600 mg/ml of both extracts. Treating cells with SME-1000 μg/ml at differentiation resulted inhibition (p < 0.05) of lipid accumulation by 45% compared to untreated cells. Highest (p < 0.05) (35%) decrease in triglyceride content as well as higher glycerol release was seen in cells exposed to SME at the differentiation stage. Sorrel extracts induced apoptosis in adipocytes at higher concentrations with prominent effect of treating cells at differentiation stage. The results of this study showed effect of sorrel extracts in reduction of lipid accumulation and increase in lipolysis of 3T3-L1 cells.
Marinou, K., Tousoulis, D., Antonopoulos, A.S., Stefanadi, E. and Stefanadis, C. (2010) Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: From Pathophysiology to Risk Stratification. International Journal of Cardiology, 138, 3-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.03.135
Matsuo, T., Matsuo, M., Kasai, M. and Takeuchi, H. (2001) Effects of a Liquid Diet Supplement Containing Structured Mediumand Long-Chain Triacylglycerols on Body Fat Accumulation in Healthy Young Subjects. Asia Pac Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 10, 46-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.2001.00196.x
Kim, J.K., So, H., Youn, M.J., Kim, H.J., Kim, Y., Park, C. and Park, R. (2007) Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Water Extract Inhibits the Adipocyte Differentiation through the PI3-K and MAPK Pathway. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 114, 260-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.028
MacDougald, O.A. and Mandrup, S. (2002) Adipogenesis: Forces That Tip The Scales. Trends Endocrinol Metabolism, 13, 5-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00517-3
Birari, R.B. and Bhutani, K.K. (2007) Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors From Natural Sources: Unexplored Potential. Drug Discovery Today, 12, 879-889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2007.07.024
Rayalam, S., Della-Fera, M.A. and Baile, C.A. (2008) Phytochemicals and Regulation of the Adipocyte Life Cycle. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 19, 717-726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.12.007
Foster-Schubert, K.E. and Cummings, D.E. (2006) Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Obesity. Endocrine Reviews, 27, 779-793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2006-0041
Shi, Y. and Burn, P. (2004) Lipid Metabolic Enzymes: Emerging Drug Targets for the Treatment of Obesity. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 3, 695-710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd1469
Strader, C.D., Hwa, J.J., Van Heek, M. and Parker, E.M. (1998) Novel Molecular Targets for the Treatment of Obesity. Drug Discovery Today, 3, 250-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(98)01189-1
Mukherjee, M. (2003) Human Digestive and Metabolic Lipases—A Brief Review. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 22, 369-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1381-1177(03)00052-3
Thomson, A.B.R., De Pover, A., Keelan, M., Jarocka-Cyrta, E. and Clandinin, M.T. (1997) Inhibition of Lipid Absorption as an Approach to the Treatment of Obesity. Methods in Enzymology, 286, 3-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)86003-X
Tsujita, T., Ninomiya, H. and Okuda, H. (1989) p-Nitrophenyl Butyrate Hydrolyzing Activity of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase from Bovine Adipose Tissue. Journal of Lipid Research, 30, 997-1004.
Lebovitz, H.E. (1998) Postprandial Hyperglycaemic State: Importance and Consequences. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 40, S27-S28.
Watanabe, J., Kawabata, J., Kurihara, H. and Niki, R. (1997) Isolation and Identification of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Tochu-Cha (Eucommia ulmoides). Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 61, 177-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.61.177
Yoshikawa, M., Murakami, T., Yashiro, K. and Matsuda, H. (1998) Kotalanol, a Potent α-Glucosidase Inhibitor with Thiosugar Sulfonium Sulfate Structure, from Antidiabetic Ayurvedic Medicine Salacia reticulata. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 46, 1339-1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.46.1339
González-Castejón, M. and Rodriguez-Casado, A. (2011) Dietary Phytochemicals and Their Potential Effects on Obesity: A Review. Pharmacological Research, 64, 438-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2011.07.004
Morton, J.F. (1987) Roselle, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. In: Morton, J.F., Ed., Fruits of Warm Climates, Miami, 281-286.
Haji Faraji, M. and Haji Tarkhani, A. (1999) The Effect of Sour Tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on Essential Hypertension. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65, 231-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00157-3
Adom, K.K. and Liu, R.H. (2002) Antioxidant Activity of Grains. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 6182-6187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0205099
Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (1999) Analysis of Total Phenols and Other Oxidation Substrates and Antioxidants by Means of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299, 152-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
Kim, D.O., Jeong, S.W. and Lee, C.Y. (2003) Antioxidant Capacity of Phenolic Phytochemicals from Various Cultivars of Plums. Food Chemistry, 81, 321-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00423-5
Lee, J., Durst, R.W. and Wrolstad, R.E. (2005) Determination of Total Monomeric Anthocyanin Pigment Content of Fruit Juices, Beverages, Natural Colorants, and Wines by the pH Differential Method: Collaborative Study. Journal of AOAC International, 88, 1269-1278.
Bondet, V., Brand-Williams, W. and Berset, C. (1997) Kinetics and Mechanisms of Antioxidant Activity Using the DPPH Free Radical Method. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 30, 609-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1997.0240
Benzie, I.F. and Strain, J.J. (1999) [2] Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power Assay: Direct Measure of Total Antioxidant Activity of Biological Fluids and Modified Version for Simultaneous Measurement of Total Antioxidant Power and Ascorbic Acid Concentration. Methods in Enzymology, 299, 15-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99005-5
Won, S.R., Kim, S.K., Kim, Y.M., Lee, P.H., Ryu, J.H., Kim, J.W. and Rhee, H.I. (2007) Licochalcone A: A Lipase Inhibitor from the Roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Food Research International, 40, 1046-1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2007.05.005
Kim, H., Hiraishi, A., Tsuchiya, K. and Sakamoto, K. (2010) Epigallocatechin Gallate Suppresses the Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes through Transcription Factors FoxO1 and SREBP1c. Cytotechnology, 62, 245-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10616-010-9285-x
Suryawan, A. and Hu, C.Y. (1993) Effect of Serum on Differentiation of Porcine Adipose Stromal-Vascular Cells in Primary Culture. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 105, 485-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(93)90424-3
Prenesti, E., Berto, S., Daniele, P.G. and Toso, S. (2007) Antioxidant Power Quantification of Decoction and Cold Infusions of Hibiscus sabdariffa Flowers. Food Chemistry, 100, 433-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.063
Terpinc, P., Polak, T., Makuc, D., Ulrih, N.P. and Abramovic, H. (2012) The Occurrence and Characterisation of Phenolic Compounds in Camelina sativa Seed, Cake and Oil. Food Chemistry, 131, 580-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.033
Tsai, P.J., McIntosh, J., Pearce, P., Camden, B. and Jordan, B.R. (2002) Anthocyanin and Antioxidant Capacity in Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Extract. Food Research International, 35, 351-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(01)00129-6
Christian, K.R., Nair, M.G. and Jackson, J.C. (2006) Antioxidant and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitory Activity of Sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19, 778-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2006.04.004
Yen, G.C., Duh, P.D. and Tsai, H.L. (2002) Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Properties of Ascorbic Acid and Gallic Acid. Food Chemistry, 79, 307-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00145-0
De Leonardis, A., Pizzella, L. and Macciola, V. (2008) Evaluation of Chlorogenic Acid and Its Metabolites as Potential Antioxidants for Fish Oils. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 110, 941-948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200700317
Zhang, J., Kang, M.J., Kim, M.J., Kim, M.E., Song, J.H., Lee, Y.M. and Kim, J.I. (2008) Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activity of Taraxacum officinale in Vitro and in Vivo. Nutrition Research and Practice, 2, 200-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2008.2.4.200
Shim, Y.J., Doo, H.K., Ahn, S.Y., Kim, Y.S., Seong, J.K. and Park, I.S. (2003) Inhibitory Effect of Aqeous Extract from the Gal of Rhuz chinesis on Alpha-Lucosidase Activities and Postprandial Blood Glucose. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85, 283-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00370-7
Hansawasdi, C., Kawabata, J. and Kasai, T. (2001) Hibiscus Acid as an Inhibitor of Starch Digestion in the Caco-2 Cell Model System. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 65, 2087-2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.65.2087
Akkarachiyasit, S., Charoenlertkul, P., Yibchok-Anun, S. and Adisakwattana, S. (2010) Inhibitory Activities of Cyanidin and Its Glycosides and Synergistic Effect with Acarbose against Intestinal α-Glucosidase and Pancreatic α-Amylase. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11, 3387-3396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms11093387
Fève, B. (2005) Adipogenesis: Cellular and Molecular Aspects. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 19, 483-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2005.07.007
Chien, P.J., Chen, Y.C., Lu, S.C. and Sheu, F. (2005) Dietary Flavonoids Suppress Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 13, 168-175.
Harmon, A.W. and Harp, J.B. (2001) Differential Effects of Flavonoids on 3T3-L1 Adipogenesis and Lipolysis. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology, 280, C807-C813.
Frayn, K.N., Karpe, F., Fielding, B.A., Macdonald, I.A. and Coppack, S.W. (2003) Integrative Physiology of Human Adipose Tissue. International Journal of Obesity, 27, 875-888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802326