A study was conducted in a grocery store simulation lab at a large Mid-Western university to measure consumer perceptions of meat package label design variations under different LED lighting conditions. A quasi-experimental approach using a multi-group between-within subjects’ post-test only design measured participants’ responses to the novel meat labels. Philip’s HUE consumer LED light bulbs were varied with different colors over beef steak package labels from 2700 K (RED) - 7000 K (BLUE). Goose neck lamps over the packages were used to create the display lighting simulations. The researchers determined that there was evidence of label and lighting interactions which influenced consumer perceptions of nutrition label information both between and within subject groups.
Rimal, A. (2005) Meat Labels: Consumer Attitude and Meat Consumption Pattern. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 29, 47-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2005.00374.x
Schauss, A.G. (1981) Application of Behavioral Photobiology to Human Aggression, Baker-Miller Pink. International Journal of Biosocial Research, 2, 1-9.
Lichtlé, M.C. (2007) The Effect of an Advertisement’s Colour on Emotions Evoked by Attitude towards the Ad: The Moderating Role of the Optimal Stimulation Level. International Journal of Advertising, 26, 37-62.
Labrecque, L.I., Patrick, V.M. and Milne, G.R. (2013) The Marketers’ Prismatic Palette: A Review of Color Research and Future Directions. Psychology & Marketing, 30, 187-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.20597
Labrecque, L.I. and Milne, G.R. (2012) Exciting Red and Competent Blue: The Importance of Color in Marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 711-727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11747-010-0245-y
Becker, L., van Rompay, T.J., Schifferstein, H.N. and Galetzka, M. (2011) Tough Package, Strong Taste: The Influence of Packaging Design on Taste Impressions and Product Evaluations. Food Quality and Preference, 22, 17-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2010.06.007
Wogalter, M.S., Conzola, V.C. and Smith-Jackson, T.L. (2002) Research-Based Guidelines for warning Design and Evaluation. Applied Ergonomics, 33, 219-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(02)00009-1
Color Rendering Index. (n.d.) What Is Color Rending Index? http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/lightsources/whatisColorRenderingIndex.asp
Kelvin (n.d.) The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/kelvin
United State Department of Energy (2009) Demonstration Assessment of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Freezer Case Lighting. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/gateway_freezer-case.pdf
Food Manufacturing Institute (2012) U.S. Grocery Shopper Trends. http://www.icn-net.com/docs/12086_FMIN_Trends2012_v5.pdf
Reicks, A.L., Brooks, J.C., Kelly, J.M., Kuecker, W.G., Boillot, K., Irion, R. and Miller, M.F. (2008) National Meat Case Study 2004: Product Labeling Information, Branding, and Packaging Trends. Journal of Animal Science, 86, 3593-3599. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0680
Beef Board (2014) Summary of Published Research on Consumer Beef Product Preference Rankings. http://www.beefboard.org/search.asp?q=summary+of+published+research+on+ consumer+beef+product+preference+rankings&sa.x=14&sa.y=13&cof=FORID%3A11&cx=000951561 340430319383%3Aosws6nacbuw
Underwood, R.L. and Klein, N.M. (2002) Packaging as Brand Communication: Effects of Product Pictures on Consumer Responses to the Package and Brand. Journal of Marketing, 10, 58-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2002.11501926
Nayga Jr., R.M. (1999) Toward an Understanding of Consumers’ Perceptions of Food Labels. The International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 2, 29-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7508(99)00011-7
Drichoutis, A.C., Lazaridis, P. and Nayga, R.M. (2005) Nutrition Knowledge and Consumer Use of Nutritional Food Labels. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 32, 93-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbi003
Humphries, C. (1998) A Code of Practice for Food Labelling. Nutrition & Food Science, 98, 193-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659810215307
Wogalter, M.S., Forbes, R.M. and Barlow, T. (1993) Alternative Product Label Designs: Increasing the Surface Area and Print Size. Proceedings of Interface, 93, 181-186.
Wogalter, M.S., Jarrard, S.W. and Simpson, S.N. (1994) Influence of Warning Label Signal Words on Perceived Hazard Level. Human Factors, 36, 547-556.
Bzostek, J.A. and Wogalter, M.S. (1999) Measuring Visual Search Time for a Product Warning Label as a Function of Icon, Color, Column and Vertical Placement. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 43, No. 16, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, 888-892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129904301603
McDougald, B.R. and Wogalter, M.S. (2013) Facilitating Pictorial Comprehension with Color Highlighting. Applied Ergonomics, 45, 1285-1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.05.008
Lesch, M.F., Powell, W.R., Horrey, W.J. and Wogalter, M.S. (2013) The Use of Contextual Cues to Improve Warning Symbol Comprehension: Making the Connection for Older Adults. Ergonomics, 56, 1264-1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2013.802019
Mehrabian, A. and Russell, J.A. (1974) The Basic Emotional Impact of Environments. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 38, 283-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1974.38.1.283
Valdez, P. and Mehrabian, A. (1994) Effects of Color on Emotions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 394-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.123.4.394
Clare, G., Hebert, P., Lee, H.J., Chung, L., Kang, M., Leong, J. and Slevitch, L. (2014) Seeing the Light: Consumer Perceptions of Ground Beef Packaging. Management, 4, 77-89.
Mahnke, F.H. (1996) Color, Environment, and Human Response: An Interdisciplinary Understanding of Color and Its Use as a Beneficial Element in the Design of the Architectural Environment. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1-234.
Babin, B.J., Hardesty, D.M., and Suter, T.A. (2003) Color and Shopping Intentions: The Intervening Effect of Price Fairness and Perceived Affect. Journal of Business Research, 56, 541-551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00246-6
Bellizzi, J.A., Crowley, A.E. and Hasty, R.W. (1983) The Effects of Color in Store Design. Journal of Retailing, 59, 21-45.
Rebollar, R., Lidon, I., Serrano, A., Martin, J. and Fernandez, M.J. (2011) Influence of Chewing Gum Packaging Design on Consumer Expectation and Willingness to Buy. An Analysis of Functional, Sensory, and Experience Attributes. Food Quality and Preference, 24, 162-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2011.10.011
Barbut, S. (2001) Effect of Illumination Source on the Appearance of Fresh Meat Cuts. Meat Science, 59, 187-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(01)00069-9
Barbut, S. (2004) Effect of Enhanced Fluorescent Light on Acceptability of Meat Cuts. Journal of Muscle Foods, 16, 77-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4573.2005.06603.x
Singh, S. (2006) Impact of Color on Marketing. Management Decision, 44, 783-789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740610673332
Mehta, R. and Zhu, R.J. (2009) Blue or Red? Exploring the Effect of Color on Cognitive Task Performances. Science, 323, 1226-1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1169144
Calkins, C.R., Goll, S.J. and Mandigo, R.W. (1986) Retail Display Lighting Type and Fresh Pork Color. Journal of Food Science, 51, 1141-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb13068.x
Van Oekel, M.J., Warnants, N. and Bouque, C.H.V. (1999) Measurement and Prediction of Pork Color. Meat Science, 52, 347-354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(99)00012-1
Gollety, M. and Guichard, N. (2011) The Dilemma of Flavor and Color in the Choice of Packaging by Children. Young Consumers, 12, 82-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17473611111114803
Todorovic, D. and Metzger, W. (2007) Laws of Seeing. Gestalt Theory, 28, 176-180.
Ampuero, O. and Vila, N. (2006) Consumer Perceptions of Product Packaging. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 23, 100-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363760610655032
Sadeghi, T. and Ghaemmaghami, K.T. (2011) The Correlation between Feelings and Brand Perception on Purchase Intention. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12, 697-705.
Decre, G.B. and Pras, B. (2013) Simulating In-Store Lighting and Temperature with Visual Aids: Methodological Propositions and S-O-R Effects. The International Review of Retail, Distribution, and Consumer Research.
Hebert, P., Clare, G., Chung, Y., Slevitch, L. and Leong, J. (2015) Effects of Experimental Conditions on Consumer Perceptions of Ground Beef: An Interdisciplinary Study. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1, 275-282.
Marczyk, G.R., DeMatteo, D. and Festinger, D. (2005) Essentials of Research Design and Methodology. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken.