Dietary Patterns and Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index in Southern Brazil and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Dietary Patterns and Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index in Southern Brazil and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study
Department of Nutrition, University Center of Cascavel (UNIVEL), Cascavel, Brazil
,
Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry (LABIOEX), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
,
Department of Informatics and Statistics, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
,
Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling (FISICEL), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
,
Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
,
Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry (LABIOEX), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
1 Department of Nutrition, University Center of Cascavel (UNIVEL), Cascavel, Brazil
2 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry (LABIOEX), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
3 Department of Informatics and Statistics, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
4 Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling (FISICEL), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
5 Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
6 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry (LABIOEX), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
Background and Aims: To evaluate the dietary habits of individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC) and healthy adults living in southern Brazil. Methods: The anthropometric assessment was carried out according to the WHO standard and eating habits were assessed using a questionnaire food frequency. The dietary inflammatory index (eDII) was calculated based on the frequency of consumption of anti- and pro-inflammatory foods. Results: 178 colorectal cancer cases and 178 controls were included, age over 50 years (81.7%). 38.2% of CRC individuals were smokers or former smokers and 69.1% were overweight, 15.7% had type II diabetes and 41% had hypertension. The consumption of bread and white rice (OR 1365.8; p < 0.001), meat processed up to twice a week (OR 227.35; p = 0.001) and low fruit intake (OR 40.569; p = 0.039) increased the risk for CRC development. The eDII greater than 0 and 3 increases the risk of CRC for women (OR 55.83; 95% CI 6.53 - 477.16; p < 0.001) and men (OR 66.75; 95% CI 19.05 - 233; p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: In the south of Brazil, the Western diet pattern was related to the diagnosis of CRC, in addition to the male gender, smoking and overweight. In an unprecedented way for the Brazilian population, we associate eDII with the risk of CRC.
World Health Organization (2013) Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. WHO Press, Geneva, 55.
Ferlay, J., et al. (2015) Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: Sources, Methods And Major Patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. International Journal of Cancer, 136, 359-386. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210
National Cancer Institute (2019) Estimate 2020: Incidence of Cancer in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Dermadi Bebek, D., et al. (2014) Inherited Cancer Predisposition Sensitizes Colonic Mucosa to Address Western Diet Effects and Putative Cancer-Predisposing Changes on Mouse Proteome. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 25, 1196-1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.06.002
Liang, P.S., Chen, T.Y. and Giovannucci, E. (2009) Cigarette Smoking and Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Cancer, 124, 2406-2415. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24191
Tsoi, K.K.F., et al. (2009) Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 7, 682-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2009.02.016
Billy, M., et al. (2016) Obesity as Predictor of Mortality of Colorectal Cancer: An Evidence-Based Case Report. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 48, 242-246.
Alsheridah, N. and Akhtar, S. (2018) Diet, Obesity and Colorectal Carcinoma Risk: Results from a National Cancer Registry-Based Middle-Eastern Study. BMC Cancer, 18, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-5132-9
Tuan, J. and Chen, Y.X. (2016) Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk and Interactions with Microbiota: Fiber, Red or Processed Meat and Alcoholic Drinks. Gastrointestinal Tumors, 3, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442831
Shukla, P.K., et al. (2017) Chronic Ethanol Feeding Promotes Azoxymethane and Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colonic Tumorigenesis Potentially by Enhancing Mucosal Inflammation. BMC Cancer, 16, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2180-x
Wang, Y., et al. (2013) Legume Consumption and Colorectal Adenoma Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS ONE, 8, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067335
Kim, E., Coelho, D. and Blachier, F. (2013) Review of the Association between Meat Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Nutrition Research, 33, 983-994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2013.07.018
Tabung, F.K., et al. (2018) Association of Dietary Inflammatory Potential with Colorectal Cancer Risk in Men and Women. JAMA Oncology, 4, 366-373. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.4844
Shivappa, N., et al. (2014) Designing and Developing a Literature-Derived, Population Based Dietary Inflammatory Index. Public Health, 17, 1689-1696. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013002115
Kanauchi, M., Shibata, M. and Iwamura, M. (2019) A Novel Dietary Inflammatory Index Reflecting for Inflammatory Ageing: Technical Note. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 47, 44-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2019.09.012
Zhang, C., Wang, W. and Zhang, D. (2018) Association between Dietary Inflammation Index and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrition and Cancer, 70, 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2017.1374418
Fan, Y., et al. (2017) Meta-Analysis of the Association between the Inflammatory Potential of Diet and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Oncotarget, 8, 59592-59600. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.19233
Shivappa, N., et al. (2017) Dietary Inflammatory Index and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 20, 2-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091043
Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (2007) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Lohman, T.G., Roche, A.F. and Martoreli, R. (1991) Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Abridged Edition 90.
Lameza, M.M., et al. (2010) Validation of Food Frequency Questionnaire for Patients Treated for Colorectal Cancer. Dissertation, São Paulo.
Mafiana, R.N., et al. (2018) Association between Dietary and Lifestyle Indices and Colorectal Cancer in Oman: A Case-Control Study. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 19, 3117-3122. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2018.19.11.3117
Niclis, C., et al. (2017) Pro-Inflammatory Dietary Intake Is Associated with Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer: Results of a Case-Control Study in Argentina Using a Multilevel Modeling Approach. Nutrition and Cancer, 70, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2018.1397710
Angelo, S.N., et al. (2016) Dietary Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer in Brazil: A Case Control Study. Nutrition Journal, 15, 2-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0139-z
Rossouw, J. (2002) Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results from the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 288, 321-333. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.3.321
Green, J., et al. (2012) Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancer: Nested Case-Control Study within a Prospective Cohort, and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Cancer, 130, 2387-2396. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.26236
Haziman, A.A., et al. (2019) A Novel Role for Estrogen-Induced Signaling in the Colorectal Cancer Gender Bias. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 188, 389-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-018-1867-1
Konstantinopoulos, P.A., et al. (2003) Oestrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ) Is Abundantly Expressed in Normal Colonic Mucous, But Declines in Colon Adenocarcinoma Paralleling the Tumour’s Dedifferentiation. European Journal of Cancer, 39, 1251-1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(03)00239-9
Hartman, J., et al. (2009) Tumor Repressive Functions of Estrogen Receptor β in SW480 Colon Cancer Cells. Cancer Research, 69, 6100-6106. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0506
Hsu, H.H., et al. (2006) Apoptotic Effects of Over-Expressed Estrogen Receptor-Beta on LoVo Colon Cancer Cell Is Mediated by p53 Signaling in a Ligand-Dependent Manner. Chinese Journal of Phisiology, 49, 110-116.
Leufkens, A.M., et al. (2011) Cigarette Smoking and Colorectal Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 9, 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2010.10.012
Fardet, A., et al. (2017) Do alcoholic Beverages, Obesity and Other Nutritional Factor Modify the Risk of Familial Colorectal Cancer? A Systematic Review. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 119, 94-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.09.001
Calle, E.E. and Kaaks, R. (2004) Overweight, Obesity and Cancer: Epidemiological Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms. Nature Reviews Cancer, 4, 579-591. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1408
Kumor, A., et al. (2009) Serum Leptin, Adiponectin, and Resistin Concentration in Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma (CC) Patients. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 24, 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-008-0605-y
Shahjehan, F., et al. (2018) Body Mass Index and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 36, 15631-15634. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.e15631
Jayasekara, H., et al. (2018) Associations of Alcohol Intake, Smoking, Physical Activity and Obesity with Survival Following Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis by Stage, Anatomic Site and Tumor Molecular Subtype. International Journal of Cancer, 142, 238-250. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31049
Jarvandi, S., Davidson, N.O. and Schootma, M. (2013) Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Type 2 Diabetes Is Independent of Diet Quality. PLoS ONE, 8, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074616
Sasso, A. and Latella, G. (2018) Dietary Components that Counteract the Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer Related to Red Meat Consumption. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 69, 536-548. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2017.1393503
Joshi, A.D., Kim, A. and Lewinger, J.P. (2015) Meat Intake, Cooking Methods, Dietary Carcinogens, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Findings from the Colon Rectal Cancer Family Registry. Cancer Medicine, 4, 936-952. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.461
Egeberg, R., et al. (2013) Associations between Red Meat and Risks for Colon and Rectal Cancer Depend on the Type of Red Meat Consumed. Journal of Nutrition, 143, 464-472. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.168799
Parr, C.L., et al. (2013) Meat Intake, Cooking Methods and Risk of Proximal Colon, Distal Colon and Rectal Cancer: The Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) Cohort Study. International Journal of Cancer, 133, 1153-1163. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28101
Joosen, A.M.C.P., et al. (2009) Effect of Processed and Red Meat on Endogenous Nitrosation and DNA Damage. Carcinogenesis, 30, 1402-1407. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgp130
Vergnaud, A.C., Romanguera, D. and Peeters, P.H. (2013) Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Guidelines and Risk of Death in Europe: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Nutrition and Cancer Cohort Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97, 1107-1120. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.049569
Demeyer, D., Honikel, K. and Smet, S. (2008) The World Cancer Research Fund Report 2007: A Challenge for the Meat Processing Industry. Meat Science, 80, 953-959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.06.003
Cross, A.J., Pollock, J.R.A. and Bingham, S.A. (2003) Haem, Not Protein or Inorganic Iron, Is Responsible for Endogenous Intestinal N-Nitrosation Arising from Red Meat. Cancer Research, 63, 2358-2360.
Cross, A.J., Ferrucci, L.J. and Risch, A. (2010) A Large Prospective Study of Meat Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk: An Investigation of Potential Mechanisms Underlying this Association. Cancer Research, 70, 2406-2414. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3929
Tayyem R.F., et al. (2016) Meats, Milk and Fat Consumption in Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 34, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12391
Chang, C.L., et al. (2008) A Novel Role for the Retinoic Acid-Catabolizing Enzyme CYP26A1 in Barrett’s Associated Adenocarcinoma. Oncogene, 27, 2951-2960. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210969
Luo, H., et al. (2019) Dietary and Serum Vitamins A and E and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Chinese Population. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 28, 268-277. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000452
Kune, G. and Watson, L. (2006) Colorectal Cancer Protective Effects and the Dietary Micronutrients Folate, Methionine, Vitamins B6, B12, C, E, Selenium, and Lycopene. Nutrition and Cancer, 56, 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc5601_3
Skrovanek, S., et al. (2014) Zinc and Gastrointestinal Disease. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, 15, 496-513. https://doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.496
Stepien, M., et al. (2017) Pre-Diagnostic Cooper and Zinc Biomarkers and Colorectal Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Cohort. Carcinogenesis, 38, 699-708. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgx051
Azzeh, F.S., et al. (2017) Healthy Dietary Patterns Decrease the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia: A Case-Control Study. BMC Public Health, 17, 2-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4520-4
Chen, J. and Vitetta, L. (2018) Inflammation-Modulating Effect of Butyrate in the Prevention of Colon Cancer by Dietary Fiber. Clinical Colorectal Cancer, 17, 541-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcc.2018.05.001
Kunzmann, A.T., et al. (2015) Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Incident and Recurrent Adenoma in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 102, 881-890. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.113282
Song, T., et al. (2015) Dietary Fiber and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16, 3747-3752. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.9.3747
Cho, Y.A., et al. (2016) Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Korea. Nutrients, 30, 2-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080469
Fowler, M.E. and Akinyemiju, T.F. (2017). Meta-Analysis of the Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Cancer Outcomes. International Journal of Cancer, 141, 2215-2227. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30922
Sharma I., et al. (2017) Inflammatory Diet and Risk for Colorectal Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Newfoundiand, Canada. Nutrition, 42, 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2017.05.010