Due to their lower environmental impact, ease of accessibility, low cost, and biodegradability, bio-renewable sources have been used extensively in the last several decades to synthesize adhesives, substituting petrochemical-based adhesive. Vegetable oils (including palm, castor, jatropha, and soybean oils), lactic acid, potato starch, and other bio-renewable sources are all excellent sources for the synthesis of adhesives that are being taken into consideration for the synthesis of “eco-friendly” adhesives. Due to their widespread use, accessibility, affordability, and biodegradability, biobased raw materials like carbohydrates used to synthesize wood and wood composite adhesive have gradually replaced petrochemical-based adhesive. Recently, xanthan gum, a naturally occurring polymer, has drawn the interest of scientists as a potentially petroleum source replacement. It possesses specific rheological characteristics, excellent water solubility, and stability to heat, and can be used as a binder, thickener, suspending agent, and stabilizer. Xanthan gum increases the adhesive strength in addition to increasing the viscosity of water-soluble adhesives. This article discusses xanthan gum as a potential substitute for traditional raw materials derived from petroleum that is used as a raw material for adhesives.
Gadhave, R., Srivastava, S., Mahanwar, P. and Gadekar, P. (2019) Lignin: Renewable Raw Material for Adhesive. Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, 9, 27-38. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2019.92003
Wang, Z., Li, Z., Gu, Z., Hong, Y. and Cheng, L. (2012) Preparation, Characterization and Properties of Starch-Based Wood Adhesive. Carbohydrate Polymers, 88, 699-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.023
Jiang, Y., Chen, Q., Tan, H., Gu, J. and Zhang, Y. (2019) A Low-Cost, Formaldehyde-Free, and High-Performance Starch-Based Wood Adhesive. BioResources, 14, 1405-1418. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.1405-1418
Gu, Y., Cheng, L., Gu, Z., Hong, Y., Li, Z. and Li, C. (2019) Preparation, Characterization and Properties of Starch-Based Adhesive for Wood-Based Panels. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 134, 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.088
Wang, Z., Zhu, H., et al. (2019) Improvement of the Bonding Properties of Cassava Starch-Based Wood Adhesives by Using Different Types of Acrylic Ester. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 126, 603-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.113
Lei, H., Du, G., Wu, Z., Xi, X. and Dong, Z. (2014) Cross-Linked Soy-Based Wood Adhesives for Plywood. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 50, 199-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2014.01.026
Buddi, T., Muttil, N., Rao, B.N. and Singh, S.K. (2015) Development of a Soya Based Adhesive in Plywood Manufacturing. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2, 3027-3031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.289
Vnucec, D., Kutnar, A. and Gorsek, A. (2017) Soy-Based Adhesives for Wood-Bonding: A Review. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 31, 910-931. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2016.1237278
Luo, J., Luo, J., Bai, Y., Gao, Q. and Li, J. (2016) A High Performance Soy Protein-Based Bio-Adhesive Enhanced with a Melamine/Epichlorohydrin Prepolymer and Its Application on Plywood. RSC Advances, 6, 67669-67676. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA15597A
Mo, X. and Sun, X.S. (2013) Soy Proteins as Plywood Adhesives: Formulation and Characterization. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 27, 2014-2026. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2012.696916
Khan, I. and Poh, B.T. (2011) Natural Rubber-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives: A Review. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 19, 793-811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0299-z
Radabutra, S., Khemthong, P., Saengsuwan, S. and Sangya, S. (2019) Preparation and Characterization of Natural Rubber Bio-Based Wood Adhesive: Effect of Total Solid Content, Viscosity, and Storage Time. Polymer Bulletin, 77, 2737-2747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02881-1
Thuraisingam, J., Mishra, P., Gupta, A., Soubam, T. and Piah, B.M. (2019) Novel Natural Rubber Latex/Lignin-Based Bio-Adhesive: Synthesis and Its Application on Medium Density Fiber-Board. Iranian Polymer Journal, 28, 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-019-00696-5
John, N. and Joseph, R. (1997) Studies on Wood-to-Wood Bonding Adhesives Based on Natural Rubber Latex. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 11, 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856197X00327
Thuraisingam, J., Mishra, P., Gupta, A., Soubam, T. and Piah, B.M. (2019) Novel natural Rubber Latex/Lignin-Based Bio-Adhesive: Synthesis and Its Application on Medium Density Fiber-Board. Iranian Polymer Journal, 28, 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-019-00696-5
Yang, Z., Peng, H., Wang, W. and Liu, T. (2010) Lignin-Based Polycondensation Resins for Wood Adhesives. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 116, 2658-2667.
Khan, M.A., Ashraf, S.M. and Malhotra, V.P. (2004) Development and Characterization of a Wood Adhesive Using Bagasse Lignin. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 24, 485-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2004.01.003
Moubarik, A., Grimi, N., Boussetta, N. and Pizzi, A. (2013) Isolation and Characterization of Lignin from Moroccan Sugar Cane Bagasse: Production of Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Wood Adhesive. Industrial Crops and Products, 45, 296-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.040
Hussin, M.H., Zhang, H.H., et al. (2017) Preparation of Environmental Friendly Phenol-Formaldehyde Wood Adhesive Modified with Kenaf Lignin. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6, 409-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.06.004
Kalami, S., Chen, N., Borazjani, H. and Nejad, M. (2018) Comparative Analysis of Different Lignins as Phenol Replacement in Phenolic Adhesive Formulations. Industrial Crops and Products, 125, 520-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.037
Sulaiman, N.S., Hashim, R., Sulaiman, O., Nasir, M., Amini, M.H.M. and Hiziroglu, S. (2018) Partial Replacement of Urea-Formaldehyde with Modified Oil Palm Starch Based Adhesive to Fabricate Particleboard. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 84, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.02.002
Gadhave, R. (2022) Starch Grafted Water Resistant Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Wood Adhesive: A Review. Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials, 12, 17-30. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojopm.2022.122002
Zhao, B.X., Wang, P., Zheng, T., Chen, C.Y. and Shu, J. (2006) Preparation and Adsorption Performance of a Cellulosic-Adsorbent Resin for Copper(II). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 99, 2951-2956. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22986
Veigel, S., Müller, U., Keckes, J., Obersriebnig, M. and Gindl-Altmutter, W. (2011) Cellulose Nanofibrils as Filler for Adhesives: Effect on Specific Fracture Energy of Solid Wood-Adhesive Bonds. Cellulose, 18, 1227-1237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9576-1
Kaboorani, A., Riedl, B., Blanchet, P., Fellin, M., Hosseinaei, O. and Wang, S. (2012) Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC): A Renewable Nano-Material for Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) Adhesive. European Polymer Journal, 48, 1829-1837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.08.008
López-Suevos, F., Eyholzer, C., Bordeanu, N. and Richter, K. (2010) DMA Analysis and Wood Bonding of PVAc Latex Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils. Cellulose, 17, 387-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9396-8
Ayrilmis, N., Kwon, J.-H., Lee, S.-H., Han, T.-H. and Park, C.-W. (2016) Microfibrillated-Cellulose-Modified Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives with Different F/U Molar Ratios for Wood-Based Composites. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 30, 2032-2043. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2016.1175246
Kojima, Y., et al. (2014) Evaluation of Binding Effects in Wood Flour Board Containing Ligno-Cellulose Nanofibers. Materials, 6, 6853-6864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096853
Cataldi, A., Berglund, L., Deflorian, F. and Pegoretti, A. (2015) A Comparison between Micro- and Nanocellulose-Filled Composite Adhesives for Oil Paintings Restoration. Nanocomposites, 1, 195-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/20550324.2015.1117239
Mahrdt, E., Pinkl, S., Schmidberger, C., van Herwijnen, H.W.G., Veigel, S. and Gindl-Altmutter, W. (2016) Effect of Addition of Microfibrillated Cellulose to Urea-Formaldehyde on Selected Adhesive Characteristics and Distribution in Particle Board. Cellulose, 23, 571-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0818-5
Klemm, D., Heublein, B., Fink, H.P. and Bohn, A. (2005) Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44, 3358-3393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0818-5
Vineeth, S.K., Gadhave, R.V. and Gadekar, P.T. (2020) Glyoxal Cross-Linked Polyvinyl Alcohol-Microcrystalline Cellulose Blend as a Wood Adhesive with Enhanced Mechanical, Thermal and Performance Properties. Materials International, 2, 277-285.
Dhawale, P., Vineeth, S., Gadhave, R. and Mahanwar, P. (2021) Cellulose Stabilized Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion: Review. Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials, 11, 51-66. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojopm.2021.112002
Katzbauer, B. (1998) Properties and Applications of Xanthan Gum. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 59, 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00180-8
Norstrom, E., Fogelstrom, L., Nordqvist, P., Khabbaz, F. and Malmstrom, E. (2014) Gum Dispersions as Environmentally Friendly Wood Adhesives. Industrial Crops and Products, 52, 736-744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.12.001
Peter C., John, A. and Yogeshbai, P. (1994) Thixotropic Wood Adhesive Gel. US Patent No. 5306749A.
Gadhave, R. and Dhawale, P. (2022) State of Research and Trends in the Development of Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Wood Adhesive. Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, 12, 13-42. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2022.121002
Kuppuswami, G.M. (2014) Fermentation (Industrial): Production of Xanthan Gum. In: Batt, C.A. and Tortorello, M.L., Eds., Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Academic Press, Cambridge, 816-821.
Garcia-Ochoa, F., Santos, V.E., Casas, J.A. and Gómez, E. (2000) Xanthan Gum: Production, Recovery and Properties. Biotechnology Advances, 18, 549-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-9750(00)00050-1
Qian, X. (2017) Quick-Drying High-Strength Carpenter’s Glue Based on Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion and Preparation Method Thereof. CN Patent No. 107488421 A.
Peter, C., John, A. and Yogeshbai, P. (1993) Thixotropic Wood Adhesive Gel. US5306749A.
Li, Y. (2018) Multi-Functional Aqueous Liquid Adhesive and Method for Preparing the Same. US Patent No. 20190300761A1.
Katsunao, S. and Shinya H. (2006) Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Composition. JP Patent No. 2007262141A.
Kunio, H. and Takako, I. (2002) Aqueous Adhesives. JP Patent No. 2004018801A.
Gadhave, R.V., Dhawale, P.V. and Sorate, C.S. (2021) Surface Modification of Cellulose with Silanes for Adhesive Application: Review. Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, 11, 11-30. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2021.112002
Chaturvedi, S., Kulshrestha, S., Bhardwaj, K. and Jangir, R. (2021) A Review on Properties and Applications of Xanthan Gum. In: Vaishnav, A. and Choudhary, D.K., Eds., Microbial Polymers, Springer, Singapore, 87-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0045-6_4
Peter, C., John, A. and Yogeshbhai, P. (1994) Thixotropic Adhesive Gel. US Patent No. 5284897A.
Song, S., Gong, A., Liu, A. and He, Y. (2017) One Kind Is Used for Corrugated Paper Board Production line Low-Temperature Quick-Drying Type Starch Adhesive. CN Patent No. 107502226A.
Athawale, V.D. and Lele, V. (2000) Thermal Studies on Granular Maize Starch and its Graft Copolymers with Vinyl Monomers. Starch-Starke, 52, 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-379X(200007)52:6/7 3.0.CO;2-3
De Bruyn, H., Sprong, E., Gaborieau, M., Roper, J.A. and Gilbert, R.G. (2007) Starch-graft-(Synthetic copolymer) Latexes Initiated with Ce4+ and Stabilized by Amylopectin. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 45, 4185-4192. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.22189
Mani, R., Tang, J. and Bhattacharya, M. (1998) Synthesis and Characterization of Starch-graft-Polycaprolactone as Compatibilizer for Starch/Polycaprolactone Blends. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 19, 283-286. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3927(19980601)19:6 3.0.CO;2-C
Ouchi, T., Kontani, T. and Ohya, Y. (2003) Modification of Polylactide upon Physical Properties by Solution-Cast Blends from Polylactide and Polylactide-Grafted Dextran. Polymer, 44, 3927-3933. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00308-2
Manzano, V.E., Kolender, A.A. and Varela, O. (2017) Synthesis and Applications of Carbohydrate-Based Polyurethanes. In: Goyanes, S. and D’Accorso, N., Eds., Industrial Applications of Renewable Biomass Products, Springer, Cham, 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61288-1_1
Vineeth, S.K. and Gadhave, R.V. (2023) Corn Starch Blended Polyvinyl Alcohol Adhesive Chemically Modified by Crosslinking and Its Applicability as Polyvinyl Acetate Wood Adhesive. Polymer Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04746-0
Wang, Z., Gu, Z., Li, Z., Hong, Y. and Cheng, L. (2013) Effects of Emulsifier on the Bonding Performance and Freeze—Thaw Stability of Starch-Based Wood Adhesive. Cellulose, 20, 2583-2590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-9984-5
Meshram, M.W., Patil, V.V., Mhaske, S.T. and Thorat, B.N. (2009) Graft Copolymers of Starch and Its Application in Textiles. Carbohydrate Polymers, 75, 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.06.012
Zhang, Y., Ding, L., Gu, J., Tan, H. and Zhu, L. (2015) Preparation and Properties of a Starch-Based Wood Adhesive with High Bonding Strength and Water Resistance. Carbohydrate Polymers, 115, 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.063
Ruan, H., Chen, Q.-H., Fu, M.-L., Xu, Q. and He, G.-Q. (2009) Preparation and Properties of Octenyl Succinic Anhydride Modified Potato Starch. Food Chemistry, 114, 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.019
Kennedy, H.M. (1989) Starch- and Dextrin-Based Adhesives. In: Hemingway, R.W., Conner, A.H. and Branham, S.J., Eds., Adhesives from Renewable Resources, Vol. 385, ACS Publications, Washington DC, 326-336. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0385.ch023
Kumar, R. and Khatkar, B.S. (2017) Thermal, Pasting and Morphological Properties of Starch Granules of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54, 2403-2410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-017-2681-x
Lai, S.-M., Don, T.-M., Liu, Y.-H. and Chiu, W.-Y. (2006) Graft Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate onto Granular Starch: Comparison on the Potassium Persulfate and Ceric Ammonium Nitrate-Initiated System. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102, 3017-3027. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.24672
Zhang, N., Wang, S., Gibril, M.E. and Kong, F. (2020) The Copolymer of Polyvinyl Acetate Containing Lignin-Vinyl Acetate Monomer: Synthesis and Characterization. European Polymer Journal, 123, Article ID: 109411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109411
Gadhave, R.V. and Vineeth, S.K. (2022) Synthesis and Characterization of Starch Stabilized polyvinyl Acetate-Acrylic Acid Copolymer-Based Wood Adhesive. Polymer Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04558-8
Zhang, L., Wan, J., Tao, S., Hu, J. and Zhou, C. (2022) Bio-Based Modified Tilde White Latex and Preparation Method Thereof. CN Patent No. 114410159A.
Jiang, K. (2020) High-Adhesion Environment-Friendly Sealing Adhesive and Preparation Method Thereof. CN Patent No. 112724880A.
Gadhave, R. (2023) Comparative Study of Effect of Addition of Calcium Carbonate and Clay on the Performance Properties of Polyvinyl Acetate Wood Glue. Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, 13, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2023.131001
Gadhave, R.V., Mahanwar, P.A. and Gadekar, P.T. (2019) Effect of Vinyl Silane Modification on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Starch-Polyvinyl Alcohol Blend. Designed Monomers and Polymers, 22, 159-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/15685551.2019.1678223