It is not ethical to conduct experiments on infants regarding the thermal environment. Therefore, to examine the thermal environment of infants, experiments and simulations using a human body thermal model may be feasible by clarifying the human body coefficient values of infants. When focusing on the heat transfer area of the infant’s body coefficient values, the body surface area and solar radiation area factor have only been clarified as the standard. The essential basic data for examining the thermal environment of infants have not been sufficiently obtained. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the clothing area factor for infants’ clothing in a typical season. The clothing area factor of infants clothed in summer, mid-season, and winter clothing was measured using a photographic method. The clothing area factor was 1.22, 1.42, and 1.90 for summer, mid-season, and winter clothing, respectively, indicating a significant seasonal difference. It was also found that the clothing area factor was significantly greater for infants than for adults.
KeywordsClothing Area FactorHeat Transfer AreaInfantSeasonThermal Environment
ASHRAE (2017) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals, Chapter 8 Thermal Comfort. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta.
Sprague, C.H. and Munson, D.M. (1974) A Composite Ensemble Method for Estimating Thermal Insulating Values of Clothing. ASHRAE Transactions, 80, 120-129.
Olesen, B.W., Silwinska, E., Madsen, T.L. and Fanger, P.O. (1982) Effect of Body Posture and Activity on the Thermal Insulation of Clothing; Measurements by a Movable Thermal Manikin. ASHRAE Transactions, 88, 791-805.
Mcllough, E.A., Jones, B.W. and Zbikowski, P.J. (1983) The Effect of Garment Design on the Thermal Insulation Values of Clothing. ASHRAE Transactions, 89, 327-353.
Mcllough, E.A., Jones, B.W. and Huck, J. (1985) A Comprehensive Data Base for Estimating Clothing Insulation. ASHRAE Transactions, 91, 29-47.
Tomitra, A., Miyamoto, S. and Horikoshi, T. (1998) The Influence of Clothing Ease on the Projected Area of the Human Body at Standing Posture. Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting 1998 of Architectural Institute of Japan, Fukuoka, 11-13 September 1998, 409-410.
Yamato,Y., Kurazumi, Y., Hashida, M., Torii, T. and Matsubara, N. (2003) Difference of Postures on Thermal Insulation of Clothing Ensembles. Journal of Human and Living Environment, 10, 108-116.
Yamato, Y., Kurazumi, Y., Ishii, J., Fukagawa, K., Tobita, K., Matsubara, N. and Shibata, Y. (2010) The Influence of Extra Space of Clothing for Human Body on Thermal Insulation of Clothing Ensembles, Experimental Study on Woman’s Clothes. Journal of the Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses, 51, 281-292.
Kurazumi, Y., Horiguchi, A., Sakamoto, H. and Matsubara, N. (2006) The Influence of Postures on Thermal Insulation of Clothing. Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ), 605, 63-70. https://doi.org/10.3130/aije.71.63_3
Ueno, S. and Sawada, S. (2008) Measurement of the Thermal Resistance of Firefighters’ Protective Clothing Using a Movable Thermal Manikin. Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 1, 189-196. https://doi.org/10.2486/josh.1.189
Fukazawa, T., Ikeda, S., Kim, S. and Tochihara, Y. (2009) Seasonal Clothing Variation and Thermal Resistance of Clothing Ensembles of Infants Living in Kyushu. Journal of Home Economics of Japan, 60, 635-643.
Kakitsuba, N., Michna, H. and Mekjavic, I.B. (1987) Clothing Surface Area as Related to Body Volume and Clothing Microenvironment Volume. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 58, 411-416.
Kakitsuba, N. and Suzuki, K. (1997) The Effect of Clothing Fit on Clothing Area Factor. Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of A.I.J.), 500, 37-41. https://doi.org/10.3130/aija.62.37_5
Miyamoto, S. and Tomita, A. (2000) Examination of Quantitative Grasp of Clothing Thermal Insulation on Thermal Environmental Factor: An Increase at Effective Radiation Area Factor by Clothes. Proceedings of Tokai Chapter Architectural Research Meeting of Architectural Institute of Japan, 38, 537-540.
Sakoi, T., Mochida, T., Nagano, K. and Shimakura, K. (2000) Fundamental Study on Evaluation of Clothing Thermal Insulation. Transactions of the Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of Japan, 77, 95-107.
Watanabe, S., Uchida, H., Horikoshi, T., Tomita, A. and Ishii, J. (1999) The Influence of Air Temperature, Air Velocity and Clothing Ease on the Clothing Thermal Insulation. Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting 1999 of Architectural Institute of Japan, Higashihiroshima, 17-19 September 1999, 391-392.
Watanabe, S., Yoneda, Y., Tomita, A. and Horikoshi, T. (2000) Effect of Air Velocity and Clothing Ease on Clo Value: Comparison of Calculation Methods for Clo Value. Proceedings of Tokai Chapter Architectural Research Meeting of Architectural Institute of Japan, 38, 541-544.
ISO (2004) ISO 15831:2004 Clothing-Physiological Effects-Measurement of Thermal Insulation by Means of a Thermal Manikin. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO (2007) ISO 9920:2007 Ergonomics of Thermal Environment-Estimation of the Thermal Insulation and Evaporative Resistance of a Clothing Ensemble. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
Kurazumi, Y., Tsuchikawa, T., Yamato, Y., Kakutani, K., Matsubara, N. and Horikoshi, T. (2003) The Posture and Effective Thermal Convection Area Factor of the Human Body. Japanese Journal of Biometeorology, 40, 3-13.
Kurazumi, Y., Tsuchikawa, T., Matsubara, N. and Horikoshi, T. (2004) Convection Heat Transfer Area of the Human Body. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 93, 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1207-1
Kurazumi, Y., Tsuchikawa, T., Matsubara, N. and Horikoshi, T. (2008) Effect of Posture on the Heat Transfer Areas of the Human Body. Building and Environment, 43, 1555-1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.09.001
Iriki, M. (1995) Taion cyosetu no shikumi. Bunkodo Co., Ltd., Tokyo. (In Japanese)
Nakayama, A. and Iriki, M. (1987) Shin seirikagaku taikei 22, Enerugi taisya Taion cyosetu no seirigaku. Igaku-Shoin Ltd., Tokyo. (In Japanese)
Bar-Or, O. (1980) Climate and the Exercising Child—A Review. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 1, 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1034631
Wagner, J.A., Robinson, S. and Marino, R.P. (1974) Age and Temperature Regulation of Humans in Neutral and Cold Environments. Journal of Applied Physiology, 37, 562-565. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1974.37.4.562
Haymes, E.M., McGormick, R.J. and Buskirk, E.R. (1975) Heat Tolerance of Exercising Lean and Obese Prepubertal Boys. Journal of Applied Physiology, 39, 457-461. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1975.39.3.457
Drinkwater, B.L., Kupprat, I.C., Denton, J.E., Crist, J.L., Horvath, S.M. (1977) Response of Prepubertal Girls and College Women to Work in the Heat. Journal of Applied Physiology, 43, 1046-1053. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1977.43.6.1046
Araki, T., Toda, Y., Inoue, Y. and Tsujino, A. (1979) Age Differences in Sweating during Muscular Exercise. Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 28, 239-248. https://doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm1949.28.239
Sugiura, H., Kinoshita, H. and Fujimoto, T. (2011) Questionnaire Investigation on the Infant’s Sweat in Four Seasons. The Journal of Child Health, 70, 535-541.
Tsuzuki, K., Ohnaka, T. and Tochihara, Y. (1998) Seasonal Variation and Age Difference in Thermal Responses under Preferred Temperatures Determined by the Mothers. Journal of Home Economics of Japan, 49, 1109-1117.
Kurazumi, Y., Sakoi, T., Yamashita, K., Fukagawa, K., Kondo, E. and Tsuchikawa, T. (2019) Thermal Manikin of Infant. Engineering, 11, 735-754. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2019.1111048
Meeh, K. (1879) Ober flachenmessungen des menschlichen korpers. Zeitschrift für Biologie, 15, 425-458.
Lissauer, W. (1903) Ueber oberflachenmessungen un sauglingen und ihre bedeutung für den nahrungsbedarf. Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde und Physische Erziehung. N.F., 58, 392-411.
Lassabliére, P. (1910) Evaluation de la surface cutanée chez le jeune enfant. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances et mémoires de la société de biologie, 59, 339-341.
Klein, A.D. and Scammon, R.E. (1930) The Regional Growth in Surface Area of the Human Body in Prenatal Life. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 27, 463-466. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-27-4809
Otani, K. (1907) Nihon syoni no taihyo menseki sokutei. Tokyo igakkai zasshi, 21, 89-117. (In Japanese)
Oshiro, C. and Tagawa, T. (1936) Nihon nyuji no taihyo menseki sokutei seiseki. Nika zasshi, 43, 604-616. (In Japanese)
Ochi, T. and Higuchi, T. (1935) On the Body Surface Measurements and Normal Standard of Basal Metabolism of New Born Infants. Keio igaku, 15, 709-725. (In Japanese)
Kawabata, M. (1940) Isshin taihyo menseki keisan shiki. Nihon seiri gakkai zasshi, 5, 245-254. (In Japanese)
Miyajima, T. (1960) Nihon jin no taihyo menseki ni kansuru kenkyu, Dai 13 nyuji no taihyo menseki oyobi sono sansyutu shiki. Nagasaki sogo kosyu eiseigaku zasshi, 9, 484-499. (In Japanese)
Tsuchikawa, T., Kondo, E. and Kurazumi, Y. (2019) Solar Radiation Area Factors of the Infant on Buggy. Journal of Human and Living Environment, 26, 87-92.
Nihon 3B Scientific Inc. (2021) Nurse Training Baby, Asian Body Care Model Male, W17002. https://www.3bs.jp/simulator/child/w17002-w17003.htm
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (2021) National Growth Survey on Preschool Children. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/list/dl/73-22-01.pdf
Boyd, E. and Scammon, R.E. (1930) The Relation of Surface Area Body Weight in Postnatal Life. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 27, 449-453. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-27-4804
Kobayashi, O., Washio, S., Kodama, T., Sakaguchi, S. and Hayashi, I. (1952) Honpo syoni no taihyo menseki ni tuite. Nihon syonika gakkai zasshi, 56, 217-221. (In Japanese)
Fujimoto, S., Watanabe, T., Sakamoto, A., Yukawa, K. and Morimoto, K. (1968) Studies on the Physical Surface Area of Japanese, Part 18 Calculation Formulas in Three Stages over All Age. Japanese Journal of Hygiene, 23, 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1265/jjh.23.443
Fanger, P.O., Angelius, O. and Jensen, P.K. (1970) Radiation Data for the Human Body. ASHRAE Transactions, 76-II, 338-373.