Impact of Health and Nutrition Interventions in the Prevention and Recovery of Child Malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2010 to 2020: Review Article — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Impact of Health and Nutrition Interventions in the Prevention and Recovery of Child Malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2010 to 2020: Review Article
Département Technologie Alimentaire, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
,
Département Technologie Alimentaire, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
,
Département Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
,
Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
,
Département Agroalimentaire, Centre Universitaire Polytechnique de Gaoua, Burkina Faso
,
Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
,
Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
,
Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
,
Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
1 Département Technologie Alimentaire, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
2 Département Technologie Alimentaire, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
3 Département Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
4 Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
5 Département Agroalimentaire, Centre Universitaire Polytechnique de Gaoua, Burkina Faso
6 Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
7 Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
8 Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
9 Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Malnutrition is still a widespread public health problem worldwide. The objective of this review is to identify the most effective nutrition programs used in the prevention and management of child malnutrition in children under five years. Also, it is to suggest courses of action to improve interventions in the fight against malnutrition. The promotion of exclusive breastfeeding and food diversification improves the mothers’ knowledge and contributes to prevention of malnutrition. Food supplementation increases the weight/height ratio of malnourished children. The two programs combined bring better results on mothers’ feeding practices and children’s anthropometric data. This review has highlighted the importance of food supplementation and nutritional education in the management and prevention of child malnutrition. In addition, the combination of several approaches to good dietary practices brings better results. Finally, primary prevention can protect children from the harmful consequences of malnutrition.
Institut International de Recherche sur les Politiques alimentaires (IFPRI) (2015) Rapport 2015 sur la nutrition mondiale: Mesures et redevabilité en vue d’accélérer les progrès mondiaux en matière de nutrition et de développement durable. Institut International de Recherche sur les Politiques alimentaires, Washington DC, 226 p. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/129822
Black, R.E., Victora, C.G., Walker, S.P., Bhutta, Z.A., Christian, P., de Onis, M. and Uauy, R. (2013) Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Overweight in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries. Lancet, 382, 427-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
GRET (Group for Research and Technology Exchang-es)/IRD (Inland Revenue Department) (2019) Programme de Fortification Alimentaire pour les populations vulnérables à Madagascar. GRET, Antananarivo.
Keeley, B., de Oliveira, J.D., Aguayo, V.M., Branca, F., Demaio, S., Fanzo, J., Haddad, L., Menon, P., Piwoz, E., Quinn, V., Rivera, J. and Shekar, M. (2019) La Situation des enfants dans le monde 2019. Enfants, nourriture et nutrition: Bien grandir dans un monde en mutation. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, New York, 258 p.
Kabre, J., Bougma, S., Zoungrana, B., Traoré, Y. and Savadogo, A. (2020) Effective Factors on Acute Malnutrition in Children Aged 6 to 59 Months in the Centre-West Region of Burkina Faso. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security, 5, 274-281.
Banque Mondiale (2013) Terres agricoles (% du territoire). http://donnees.banquemondiale.org/indicateur/AG.LND.AGRI.ZS
Organisation Mondiale de la santé (OMS) (2000) Prise en charge de la malnutrition sévère: Manuel à l’usage des médecins et autres personnels de santé à des postes d’encadrement. Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Genève.
Prudhon, C., Prinzo, Z.W., Briend, A., Daelmans, B.M. and Mason, J.B. (2006) Proceedings of the WHO, UNICEF, and SCN Informal Consultation on Community-Based Management of Severe Malnutrition in Children. Food and Nutrition Bulletin l, 27, S99-S104. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265060273S307
Ochola, S.A., Labadarios, D. and Nduati, R.W. (2013) Impact of Counselling on Exclusive Breast-Feeding Practices in a Poor Urban Setting in Kenya: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Public Health Nutrition, 16, 1732-1740. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012004405
Omisakin, F.D., Tijani, A.W. and Askun-Olarinmoye, E.O. (2011) Enhancing Recovery of Malnourished Children: Mothers’ Counseling and Participation Ensures Intervention Effectiveness. West African Journal of Nursing, 22, 85-90.
Kamran, A., Shrifirad, G., Mirkarimi, S.K. and Farahani, A. (2012) Effectiveness of Breastfeeding Education on the Weight of Child and Self-Efficacy of Mothers—2011. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 1, Article No. 11. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.98569
Yotebieng, M., Labbok, M., Soeters, H.M., Chalachala, J.L., Lapika, B., Vitta, B.S. and Beets, F. (2015) Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding Programme to Promote Early Initiation and Exclusive Breastfeeding in DR Congo: A Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet Global Health, 3, e546-e555. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00012-1
Kupratakul, J., Taneepanichskul, S., Voramongkol, N. and Phupong, V. (2010) A Randomized Controlled Trial of Knowledge Sharing Practice with Empowerment Strategies in Pregnant Women to Improve Exclusive Breastfeeding during the First Six Months Postpartum. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 93, 1009-1018.
Lohia, N. and Udipi, S.A. (2014) Infant and Child Feeding Index Reflects Feeding Practices, Nutritional Status of Urban Slum Children. BMC Pediatrics, 14, Article No. 290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-014-0290-7
Chapman, D.J., Morel, K., Anderson, A.K., Damio, G. and Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2010) Breastfeeding Peer Counseling: From Efficacy through Scale-Up. Journal of Human Lactation, 26, 314-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334410369481
Cliffer, I.R., Nikiema, L., Langlois, B.K., Zeba, A.N., Shen, Y., Lanou, H.B., et al. (2020) Cost-Effectiveness of 4 Specialized Nutritious Foods in the Prevention of Stunting and Wasting in Children Aged 6-23 Months in Burkina Faso: A Geographically Randomized Trial. Current Developments in Nutrition, 4, Article No. nzaa006. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa006
Loiselle, C.G., Profetto-McGrath, J., Polit, D.F. and Beck, C.T. (2007) Méthodes de recherche en sciences infirmières (C.G. Loiselle, trad). ERPI, Québec. (Ouvrage original publié en 2006 sous le titre Canadian essentials of nursing research. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York.)
Ogunba, B.O. (2012) Infant and Child Feeding Index and Nutritional Status of 0- to 24-Month-Old Children in Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 44, S41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2012.03.087
Roux, I.M., le Roux, K., Mbeutu, K., Comulada, W.S., Desmond, K.A. and Rotheram-Borus, M.J. (2011) A Randomized Controlled Trial of Home Visits by Neighborhood Mentor Mothers to Improve Children’s Nutrition in South Africa. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 6, 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2011.564224
Nahar, B., Hossain, M.I., Hamadani, J.D., Ahmed, T., Huda, S.N., Grantham-McGregor, S.M. and Persson, L.A. (2012) Effects of a Community-Based Approach of Food and Psychosocial Stimulation on Growth and Development of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh: A Randomised Trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66, 701-709. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2012.13
Khatoon, T., Mollah, M.A. H., Choudhury, A.M., Islam, M.M. and Rahman, K.M. (2011) Association between Infant- and Child-Feeding Index and Nutritional Status: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study among Children Attending an Urban Hospital in Bangladesh. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 29, 349-356.
Roux, I.M., le Roux, K., Comulada, W.S., Greco, E.M., Desmond, K.A., Mbewu, N. and Rotheram-Borus, M.J. (2010) Home Visits by Neighborhood Mentor Mothers Provide Timely Recovery from Childhood Malnutrition in South Africa: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrition Journal, 9, Article No. 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-56
Abbass-Dick, J., Stern, S.B., Nelson, L.E., Watson, W. and Dennis, C.L. (2015) Coparenting Breastfeeding Support and Exclusive breastfeeding: A Randomized Controlled trial. Pediatrics, 135, 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1416
Mwangome, M., Prentice, A., Plugge, E. and Nweneka, C. (2010) Determinants of Appropriate Child Health and Nutrition Practices among Women in Rural Gambia. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 28, 167-172. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v28i2.4887
Imdad, A. and Bhutta, Z.A. (2011) Effect of Balanced Protein Energy Supplementation during Pregnancy on Birth Outcomes. BMC Public Health, 11, Article No. S17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S17
Jimenez, M. and Stone-Jimenez, M. (2014) Preventing Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) Through Nutrition-Specific Interventions. Emergency Nutrition Network, Kidlington.
Banque Mondiale & UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund) (2019) 61 pays mènent un mouvement mondial pour mettre fin à la malnutrition sous toutes ses formes. Scaling up Nutrition. Banque Mondiale & UNICEF, Washington DC.
Piro, S.S. and Ahmed, H.M. (2020) Impacts of Antenatal Nursing Interventions on Mothers’ Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy: An Experimental Study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20, Article No. 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2701-0
Ghahramani, F., Hoseini, F. and Ghobadi, K. (2012) Growth Indicators and Related Factors in Children under 6 Years in Shiraz City in 2008. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, 10, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.29252/jmj.10.3.65
Habibi, M., Laamiri, F.Z., Aguenaou, H., Doukkali, L., Mrabet, M. and Barkat, A. (2018) The Impact of Maternal Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Breastfeeding Knowledge and Practices: An Experience from Casablanca, Morocco. International Journal of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 5, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpam.2018.01.003
Heinig, M.J., Nommsen, L.A., Peerson, J.M., Lonnerdal, B. and Dewey, K.G. (1993) Energy and Protein Intakes of Breast-Fed and Formula-Fed Infants during the First Year of Life and Their Association with Growth Velocity: The DARLING Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58, 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/58.2.152
Gau, M.-L. (2004) Evaluation of a Lactation Intervention Program to Encourage Breastfeeding: A Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 41, 425-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2003.11.002
Sanín, L.H., González-Cossío, T., Romieu, I., Peterson, K.E., Ruíz, S., Palazuelos, E., et al. (2001) Effect of Maternal Lead Burden on Infant Weight and Weight Gain at One Month of Age among Breastfed Infants. Pediatrics, 107, 1016-1023. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.5.1016
Kramer, M.S., Guo, T., Platt, R.W., Shapiro, S., Collet, J.P., Chalmers, B. and Vanilovich, I. (2002) Breastfeeding and Infant Growth: Biology or Bias? Pediatrics, 110, 343-347. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.110.2.343
Riordan, J.M. (1997) The Cost of Not Breastfeeding: A Commentary. Journal of Human Lactation, 13, 93-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/089033449701300202
Lamberti, L.M., Fischer Walker, C.L., Noiman, A., Victora, C. and Black, R.E. (2011) Breastfeeding and the Risk for Diarrhea Morbidity and Mortality. BMC Public Health, 11, Article No. S15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S15
Martin, R.M., Smith, G.D., Mangtani, P., Frankel, S. and Gunnell, D. (2002) Association between Breast Feeding and Growth: The Boyd-Orr Cohort Study. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 87, F193-F201. https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.87.3.F193
Steinman, L., Doescher, M., Keppel, G.A., Pak-Gorstein, S., Graham, E., Haq, A. and Spier, P. (2010) Understanding Infant Feeding Beliefs, Practices and Preferred Nutrition Education and Health Provider Approaches: An Exploratory Study with Somali Mothers in the USA. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 6, 67-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2009.00185.x
Lindau, J.F., Mastroeni, S., Gaddini, A., Di Lallo, D., Fiori Nastro, P., Patanè, M. and Fortes, C. (2015) Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding Cessation: Identifying an “At Risk Population” for Special Support. European Journal of Pediatrics, 174, 533-540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-014-2428-x
Haroon, S., Das, J.K., Salam, R.A., Imdad, A. and Bhutta, Z.A. (2013) Breastfeeding Promotion Interventions and Breastfeeding Practices: A Systematic Review. BMC Public Health, 13, Article No. S20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S20
Sudfeld, C.R., Fawzi, W.W. and Lahariya, C. (2012) Peer Support and Exclusive Breastfeeing Duration in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 7, Article ID: e45143. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045143
Wong, K.L., Tarrant, M. and Lok, K.Y. (2015) Group versus Individual Professional Antenatal Breastfeeding Education for Extending Breastfeeding Duration and Exclusivity: A Systematic Review. Journal of Human Lactation, 31, 354-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334415583294
Brodribb, W.E. and Miller, Y.D. (2014) The Impact of Community Health Professional Contact Postpartum on Breastfeeding at 3 Months: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18, 1591-1598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1398-3
Hannula, L., Kaunonen, M. and Tarkka, M.T. (2008) A Systematic Review of Professional Support Interventions for Breastfeeding. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 1132-1143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02239.x
Forster, D., McLachlan, H., Lumley, J., Beanland, C., Waldenstrom, U. and Amir, L. (2004) Two Mid-Pregnancy Interventions to Increase the Initiation and Duration of Breast-feeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Birth, 31, 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0730-7659.2004.00302.x
Babakazo, P., Donnen, P., Akilimali, P., Ali, N.M. M. and Okitolonda, E. (2015) Predictors of Discontinuing Exclusive Breastfeeding before Six Months among Mothers in Kinshasa: A Prospective Study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 10, Article No. 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-015-0044-7
Tampah-Naah, A.M. and Kumi-Kyereme, A. (2013) Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding among Mothers in Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 8, Article No. 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-8-13
Bhutta, Z., Lassi, Z., Pariyo, G. and Huicho, L. (2010) Global Experience of Community Health Workers for Delivery of Health Related Millennium Development Goals: A Systematic Review, Country Case Studies, and Recommendations for Integration into National Health Systems. Global Health Workforce Alliance (GHWA), World Health Organization, Geneva, 61.
Ruel, M.T. and Menon, P. (2002) Child Feeding Practices Are Associated with Child Nutritional Status in Latin America: Innovative Uses of the Demographic and Health Surveys. Journal of Nutrition, 132, 1180-1187. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.6.1180
World Health Organization/United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (2003) Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1-30.
Lahariya, C. (2008) Maternal and Child under Nutrition: The Lancet Series and Indian Perspective. Indian Pediatrics, 45, 298-299.
World Health Organization (1991) Indicators for Assessing Breastfeeding Practices. WHO Document WHO/CDD/SER. 1991; 91:14. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Ferreira, V.R., Sangalli, C.N., Leffa, P.S., Rauber, F. and Vitolo, M.R. (2019) The Impact of a Primary Health Care Intervention on Infant Feeding Practices: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial in Brazil. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 32, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12595
Birch, L.L. and Doub, A.E. (2014) Learning to Eat: Birth to Age 2 y. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 99, 723S-728S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.069047
Birch, L.L. (2016) Learning to Eat: Behavioral and Psychological Aspects. Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series, 85, 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1159/000439503
Sawadogo, P.S., Martin-Prével, Y., Savy, M., Kameli, Y., Traissac, P., Traoré, A.S. and Delpeuch, F. (2006) An Infant and Child Feeding Index Is Associated with the Nutritional Status of 6- to 23-Month-Old Children in Rural Burkina Faso. The Journal of Nutrition, 136, 656-663. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.3.656
Moursi, M.M., Martin-Prével, Y., Eymard-Duvernay, S., Capon, G., Trèche, S., Maire, B. and Delpeuch, F. (2008) Assessment of Child Feeding Practices Using a Summary Index: Stability over Time and Association with Child Growth in Urban Madagascar. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87, 1472-1479. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1472
Ma, J.-Q., Zhou, L.-L., Hu, Y.-Q., Liu, J.-R., Liu, S.-S., Zhang, J. and Sheng, X.-Y. (2012) A Summary Index of Infant and Child Feeding Practices Is Associated with Child Growth in Urban Shanghai. BMC Public Health, 12, Article No. 568. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-568
Bork, K., Cames, C., Barigou, S., Cournil, A. and Diallo, A. (2012) A Summary Index of Feeding Practices Is Positively Associated with Height-for-Age, but Only Marginally with Linear Growth, in Rural Senegalese Infants and Toddlers. The Journal of Nutrition, 142, 1116-1122. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.157602
Arimond, M. and Ruel, M. (2002) Progress in Developing an Infant and Child Feeding Index. FCND Discussion Papers, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC.
Arimond, M. and Ruel, M. (2003) Generating Indicators of Appropriate Feeding of Children 6 through 23 Months from the KPC 2000+. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development, Washington DC.
Ntab, B., Simondon, K.B., Milet, J., Cissé, B., Sokhna, C., Boulanger, D. and Simondon, F.O. (2005) A Young Child Feeding Index Is Not Associated with Either Height-for-Age or Height Velocity in Rural Senegalese Children. The Journal of Nutrition, 135, 457-464. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.3.457
Garg, A. and Chadha, R. (2009) Index for Measuring the Quality of Complementary Feeding Practices in Rural India. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 27, 763-771. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v27i6.4328
Mukhopadhyay, D.K., Sinhababu, A., Saren, A.B. and Biswas, A.B. (2013) Association of Child Feeding Practices with Nutritional Status of Under-Two Slum Dwelling Children: A Community-Based Study from West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Public Health, 57, 169-172. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-557X.119819
Onyango, A.W. (2003) Dietary Diversity, Child Nutrition and Health in Contemporary African Communities. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 136, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00071-0
Steyn, N., Nel, J., Nantel, G., Kennedy, G. and Labadarios, D. (2006) Food Variety and Dietary Diversity Scores in Children: Are They Good Indicators of Dietary Adequacy? Public Health Nutrition, 9, 644-650. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2005912
Kennedy, G.L., Pedro, M.R., Seghieri, C., Nantel, G. and Brouwer, I. (2007) Dietary Diversity Score Is a Useful Indicator of Micronutrient Intake in Non-Breast-Feeding Filipino Children. The Journal of Nutrition, 137, 472-477. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.2.472
Schroeder, D.G., Martorell, R., Rivera, J.A., Ruel, M.T. and Habicht, J.-P. (1995) Age Differences in the Impact of Nutritional Supplementation on Growth. Journal of Nutrition, 125, 1051S-1059S.
Srivastava, N. and Sandhu, A. (2006) Infant and Child Feeding Index. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 73, 767-770. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02790382
Ruel, M.T. and Menon, P. (2002) Creating a Child Feeding Index Using the Demographic and Health Surveys: An Example from Latin America. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC.
Christian, P., Lee, S.E., Donahue Angel, M., Adair, L.S., Arifeen, S.E., Ashorn, P. and Black, R.E. (2013) Risk of Childhood Undernutrition Related to Small-for-Gestational Age and Preterm Birth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42, 1340-1355. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt109
Thakwalakwa, C.M., Ashorn, P., Jawati, M., Phuka, J.C., Cheung, Y.B. and Maleta, K.M. (2012) An Effectiveness Trial Showed Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplementation but Not Corn-Soya Blend Offered a Modest Benefit in Weight Gain among 6- to 18-Month-Old Underweight Children in Rural Malawi. Public Health Nutrition, 15, 1755-1762. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012003023
Eveline Ngwenyi, M.J., Joannic, N. and Patricia, C. (2019) Addressing Acute Malnutrition in Cameroon during an Emergency: Results and Benefits of an Integrated Prevention Programme. Field Exchange, 60, 96-100. http://www.ennonline.net/fex
DiGirolamo, A.M., Stansbery, P. and Lung’aho, M. (2014) Advantages and Challenges of Integration: Opportunities for Integrating Early Childhood Development and Nutrition Programming. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1308, 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12323
Beer, M., Vrijkotte, T.G., Fall, C.H., van Eijsden, M., Osmond, C. and Gemke, R.J. (2015) Associations of Infant Feeding and Timing of Linear Growth and Relative Weight Gain during Early Life with Childhood Body Composition. International Journal of Obesity, 39, 586-592. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.200
Bhandari, N., Mazumder, S., Bahl, R., Martines, J., Black, R.E. and Bhan, M.K. (2004) An Educational Intervention to Promote Appropriate Complementary Feeding Practices and Physical Growth in Infants and Young Children in Rural Haryana, India. The Journal of Nutrition, 134, 2342-2348. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.9.2342
Zaman, S., Ashraf, R.N. and Martines, J. (2008) Training in Complementary Counselling of Healthcare Workers and Its Influence on Maternal Behaviours and Child Growth: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 26, 210-222.
Penny, M.E., Creed-Kanashiro, H.M., Robert, R.C., Narro, M.R., Caulfield, L.E. and Black, R.E. (2005) Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention Delivered through the Health Services to Improve Nutrition in Young Children: A Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet, 365, 1863-1872. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66426-4
Frost, M.B., Forste, R. and Haas, D.W. (2005) Maternal Education and Child Nutritional Status in Bolivia: Finding the Links. Social Science & Medicine, 60, 395-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.05.010
Di Cesare, M., Bhatti, Z., Soofi, S.B., Fortunato, L., Ezzati, M. and Bhutta, Z.A. (2015) Gographical and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Women and Children’s Nutritional Status in Pakistan in 2011: An Analysis of Data from a Nationally Representative Survey. The Lancet Global Health, 3, e229-e239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70001-X
Owino, V.O., Bahwere, P., Bisimwa, G., Mwangi, C.M. and Collins, S. (2011) Breast-Milk Intake of 9-10-Mo-Old Rural Infants Given a Ready-to-Use Complementary Food in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93, 1300-1304. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.006544
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) (2006) Principes directeurs pour l’alimentation des enfants agés de 6 à 24 mois qui ne sont pas allaités au sein. Organisation feeding Mondiale de la Santé, Genève.
Hossain, M.I., Nahar, B., Hamadani, J.D., Ahmed, T. and Brown, K.H. (2011) Effects of Community-Based Follow-Up Care in Managing Severely Underweight Children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 53, 310-319. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821dca49
Bouville, J.F. (2005) La malnutrition infantile en milieu urbain africain. Etudes des étiologies relationnelles. L’Harmattan, Paris.
Hornik, R.C. (1985) Nutrition Education: A State-of-the-Art Review. Nutrition Policy Discussion Paper, World Bank Group, Washington DC, 1 p.