The link between cigarette smoking and predicted oxygen uptake was investigated using data for 149 Japanese men not taking medication. Cigarette smoking habits were obtained through interviews by well-trained staff. The influence of cigarette smoking on predicted oxygen uptake, predicted work rate and predicted heart rate were evaluated. Predicted oxygen uptake decreased with age. Predicted oxygen uptake and predicted work rate in men who smoked cigarettes was significantly lower than in subjects who did not, after adjusting for age. The differences in parameters did not reach significant levels after adjusting for age and physical activity evaluated by Σ[metabolic equivalents × h per week (METs?h/w)] (predicted oxygen uptake: p = 0.0632, predicted work rate: p = 0.0873). Cigarette smoking might be a modifyable factor for improving the aerobic exercise level in Japanese men.
Miyatake, N., Takahashi, K., Wada, J., Nishikawa, H., Morishita, A., Suzuki, H., Kunitomi, M., Makino, H., Kira, S. and Fujii, M. (2003) Daily exercise lowers blood pressure and reduces visceral fat in overweight Japanese men. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 62, 149-157. doi:10.1016/S0168-8227(03)00176-1
Barnard, R.J., Ugianskis, E.J., Martin, D.A. and Inkeles, S.B. (1992) Role of diet and exercise in the management of hyperinsulinemia and associated atherosclerotic risk factors. The American Journal of Cardiology, 69, 440-444. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(92)90981-4
Yamanouchi, K., Shinozaki, T., Chikada, K., Nishikawa, T., Ito, K., Shimizu, S., Ozawa, N., Suzuki, Y., Maeno, H., Kato, K., Oshida, Y. and Sato, Y. (1995) Daily walking combined with diet therapy is a useful means for obese NIDDM patients not only to reduce body weight but also to improve insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care, 18, 775-778. doi:10.2337/diacare.18.6.775
Ohida, Y., Yamanouchi, K., Hayamizu, S. and Sato, Y. (1989) Long-term mild jogging increases insulin action despite no influence on body mass index or VO2 max. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66, 2206-2210.
Miyatake, N., Nishikawa, H., Morishita, A., Kunitomi, M., Wada, J., Suzuki, H., Takahashi, K., Makino, H., Kira, S. and Fujii, M. (2002) Daily walking reduces visceral adipose tissue areas and improves insulin resistance in Japanese obese subjects. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 58, 101-107. doi:10.1016/S0168-8227(02)00129-8
Sandvik, L., Erikssen, J., Thaulow, E., Erikssen, G., Mundal, R. and Rodahl, K. (1993) Physical fitness as a predictor of mortality among healthy, middle-aged Norwe- gian men. The New England Journal of Medicine, 25, 533- 537. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302253280803
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (2011) Ex- ercise and physical activity reference for health promotion 2006. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/undou01/pdf/data.pdf
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (2011) The National Nutrition Survey in Japan. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/houdou/2008/12/dl/h1225-5j.pdf
Peto, R. (1994) Smoking and death: The past 40 years and the next 40. British Medical Journal, 209, 937-939. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6959.937
Committee to Evaluate Diagnostic Standards for metabolic Syndrome (2005) Definition and the diagnostic standard for metabolic syndrome—Committee to Evaluate Diag- nostic Standards for Metabolic Syndrome. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi, 94, 794-809.
Wang, J., Heymsfield, S.B., Aulet, M., Thornton, J.C. and Pierson, R.N. Jr. (1989) Body fat from body density: Un- derwater weighing vs. dual-photon absorptiometry. Ameri- can Journal of Physiology, 256, E829-E834.
Gustafsson, L., Jacobson, B. and Kusoffsky, L. (1974) X-ray spectrophotometry for bonmineral determinations. Journal of Medical & Biological Engineering, 12, 113-119.
Herd, R.J., Blake, G.M., Parker, J.C., Ryan, P.J. and Fo- gelman, I. (1993) Total body studies in normal British women using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. British Journal of Radiology, 66, 303-308. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-66-784-303
Miyachi, M., Tanaka, H., Yamamoto, K., Yoshioka, A., Takahashi, K. and Onodera, S. (2001) Effects of one- legged endurance training on femoral arterial and venous size in healthy humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 90, 2439-2444.
Kumahara, H., Schutz, Y., Ayabe, M., Yoshioka, M., Yo- shitake, Y., Shindo, M., Ishii, K. and Tanaka, H. (2004) The use of uniaxial accelerometry for the assessment of physical-activity-related energy expenditure: A validation study against whole-body indirect calorimetry. British Journal of Nutrition, 91, 235-243. doi:10.1079/BJN20031033
Yamada, Y., Yokoyama, K., Noriyasu, R., Osaki, T., Ada- chi, T., Itoi, A., Naito, Y., Morimoto, T., Kimura, M. and Oda, S. (2009) Light-intensity activities are important for estimating physical activity energy expenditure using uniaxial and triaxial accelerometers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 105, 141-152. doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0883-7
McClain, J.J., Sisson, S.B., Washington, T.L., Craig, C.L. and Tudor-Locke, C. (2007) Comparison of Kenz Life- corder EX and ActiGraph accelerometers in 10-yr-old children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39, 630-638. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3180313056
Clemes, S.A. and Griffiths, P.L. (2008) How many days of pedometer monitoring predict monthly ambulatory activity in adults? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40, 1589-1595. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318177eb96
Miyatake, N., Saito, T., Wada, J., Miyachi, M., Tabata, I., Matsumoto, S., Nishikawa, H., Makino, H. and Numata, T. (2007) Comparison of ventilatory threshold and exercise habits between Japanese men with and without metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 77, 314-319. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.11.008
Powers, S.K., Lawler, J., Dempsey, J.A., Dodd, S. and Landry, G. (1989) Effects of incomplete pulmonary gas exchange on VO2 max. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66, 2491-2495.
Green, M.S., Jucha, E. and Luz, Y. (1986) Blood pressure in smokers and nonsmokers: Epidemiologic findings. American Heart Journal, 111, 932-940. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(86)90645-9
Laustiola, K.E., Lassila, R., Kaprio, J. and Koskenvuo, M. (1988) Decreased betaadrenergic receptor density and catecholamine response in male cigarette smokers. A study of monozygotic twin pairs discordant for smoking. Circulation, 78, 1234-1240. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.78.5.1234
Cryer, P.E., Haymond, M.W., Santiago, J.V. and Shah, S.D. (1976) Norepinephrine and epinephrine release and adrenergic mediation of smoking-associated hemodynamic and metabolic events. The New England Journal of Medicine, 295, 573-577. doi:10.1056/NEJM197609092951101
Rotstein, A., Sagiv, M., Yaniv-Tamir, A., Fisher, N. and Dotan, R. (1991) Smoking effect on exercise response kinetics of oxygen uptake and related variables. Interna- tional Journal of Sports Medicine, 12, 281-284. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024681
Hirsch, G.L. and Sue, D.Y., Wasserman, K., Robinson, T.E. and Hansen, J.E. (1985) Immediate effects of cigarette smoking on caridiorespiratory responses to exercise. Jour- nal of Applied Physiology, 58, 1975-1981.
Marti, B., Abelin, T., Minder, C.E. and Vader, J.P. (1988) Smoking, alcohol consumption, and endurance capacity: An analysis of 6500 19-year-old conscripts and 4100 joggers. Preventive Medicine, 17, 79-92. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(88)90074-6
Bolinder, G., Noren, A., Wahren, J., De, Faire, U. (1997) Long-term use of smokeless tobacco and physical performance in middle-aged men. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 27, 427-433. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1290677.x
Miyatake, N., Numata, T., Nishii, K., Sakano, N., Suzue, T., Hirao, T., Miyachi, M. and Tabata, I. (2011) The relation between cigarette smoking and ventilatory threshold in the Japanese. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 16, 185-190. doi:10.1007/s12199-010-0178-6
Sandvik, L., Erikssen, G. and Thaulow, E. (1995) Long term effects of smoking on physical fitness and lung function: A longitudinal study of 1393 middle aged Norwegian men for seven years. British Medical Journal, 311, 715-718. doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7007.715
Bernaards, C.M., Twisk, J.K., Van, Mechelen, W., Snel, J., Kemper, H.C. (2003) A longitudinal study on smoking in relationship to fitness and heat rate response. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35, 793-800. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000064955.31005.E0