This paper deals with certain psychic automatisms that are usually diagnosed as psychiatric symptoms or as simple partial seizures. These mental automatisms are described in many writings by mystics, philosophers, literates, composers, and many different great artists and creators from human history, but they have never conferred any pathological value on these experiences. We have carried out previous scientific researches in which we found abundant arguments suggesting that these automatisms are due to neuronal nets physiologically adapted to fire in a hypersynchronous way. With these pieces of information we propose an audacious hypothesis: these automatic experiences are manifestations of a cognitive cerebral function that, until now, has been insufficiently delimited. We propose the term hyperia to denominate this cognitive function, which we consider responsible for clairvoyant and/or telepathic cognitions. Finally, we discuss the relevant consequences of this hypothesis, particularly in the fields of epilepsy, psychiatry, and neuropsychopharmacology.
Alvarez-Rodriguez, J. (1998) Mística y Epilepsia. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia. https://www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/mostrarRef.do?ref=196587
álvarez, J. (2001) Neuronal Hypersynchronization, Creativity and Endogenous Psychoses. Medical Hypotheses, 56, 672-685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2000.1269
Alvarez-Rodriguez, J. (2014) Psychic Neuronal Hypersynchronies: A New Psychiatric Paradigm? Health, 6, 2089-2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2014.616242
Alvarez-Rodriguez, J., Alvarez-Silva, S. and Alvarez-Silva, I. (2005) Epilepsy and Psychiatry: Automatic Psychic Paroxysms. Medical Hypotheses, 65, 671-675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.03.030
álvarez J. (1997) Mística y depresión: San Juan de la Cruz. Editorial Trotta, Madrid.
álvarez, J. (2000) éxtasis sin fe. Editorial Trotta, Madrid.
Ey, H. (1954) études Psychiatriques, Vol. III. Desclée de Brouwer, Paris.
Devinsky, O. and Luciano, D. (1991) Psychic Phenomena in Partial Seizures. Seminars in Neurology, 11, 100-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1041211
Jaspers, K. (1997) General Psychopathology. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.
Huxley, A. (1972) The Doors of Perception. Chatto & Windus, London.
Moreau de Tours, J. (1845) Du hachisch et de l’aliénation mental. Translated by B.B. Milesi, Slatkine Reprints, Genève.
Kantrowitz, J. and Javvit, D.C. (2012) Glutamatergic Transmission in Schizophrenia: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25, 96-102.
Moghaddam, B. and Javvit, D. (2012) From Revolution to Evolution: The Glutamatergic Hypothesis of Schizophrenia and Its Implication for Treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 37, 4-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.181
Paz, R.D., Tardito, S., Atzoin, M. and Tseng, K.Y. (2008) Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Psychopharmacology. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, 773-786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.06.005
Striano, S., Coppola, A., del Gaudio, L. and Striano, P. (2012) Reflex Seizures and Reflex Epilepsies: Old Models for Understanding Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Research, 100, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.01.013
Xue, L.Y. and Ritaccio, A.L. (2006) Reflex Seizures and Reflex Epilepsy. American Journal of Electroneurodiagnostic Technology, 46, 39-48.
Ferlazzo, E., Zifkin, B.G., Andermann, E. and Andermann, F. (2005) Cortical Triggers in Generalized Reflex Seizures and Epilepsies. Brain, 128, 700-710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh446
Binnie, C.D. (1988) Self-Induction of Seizures: The Ultimate Non-Compliance. Epilepsy Research, 1, 153-158.
Diekmann, V. and Hoppner, A.C. (2014) Cortical Network Dysfunction in Musicogenic Epilepsy Reflecting the Role of Snowballing Emotional Processes in Seizure Generation: An fMRI-EEG Study. Epileptic Disorders, 16, 31-44.
Pittau, F., Tinuper, P., Bisulli, F., Naldi, I., Cortelli, P., Bisulli, A., Stipa, C., Cevolani, D., Agati, R., Leonardi, M. and Baruzzi, A. (2008) Videopolygraphic and Functional MRI Study of Musicogenic Epilepsy. A Case Report and Literature Review. Epilepsy & Behavior, 13, 685-692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.05.004
Mórocz, I.A., Karni, A., Haut, S., Lantos, G. and Liu, G. (2003) fMRI of Triggerable Aurae in Musicogenic Epilepsy. Neurology, 60, 705-709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000047346.96206.A9
Schondiest, M. (2004) Emotional Seizure Precipitation and Psychogenic Epileptic Seizures. In: Wolf, P., Yushi, I. and Zifkin, B., Eds., Reflex Epilepsies: Progress in Understanding, John Libbey Eurotext, Esher, 93-104.
Trimble, M.R. (1986) Hysteria, Hystero-Epilepsy and Epilepsy. In: Trimble, M.R. and Reynolds, E.H., Eds., What Is Epilepsy? Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 192-205.
Novakova, B., Harris, P.R., Ponnusamy, A. and Reuber, M. (2013) The Role of Stress as a Trigger for Epileptic Seizures: A Narrative Review of Evidence from Human and Animal Studies. Epilepsia, 54, 1866-1876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.12377
Gilboa, T. (2012) Emotional Stress-Induced Seizures: Another Reflex Epilepsy? Epilepsia, 53, 29-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03342.x
Reeves, R.R., Kose, S. and Abubakr, A. (2014) Temporal Lobe Discharges and Glossolalia. Neurocase, 20, 236-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2013.770874
Cain, D.P. (1989) Long-Term Potentiation and Kindling: How Similar Are the Mechanisms? Trends in Neurosciences, 12, 6-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(89)90146-X
Teyler, T.J. and DiScenna, P. (1987) Long-Term Potentiation. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 10, 131-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.10.030187.001023
Takeuchi, T., Duszkiewicz, A.J. and Morris, R.G. (2014) The Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Hypothesis: Encoding, Storage and Persistence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369, Article ID: 20130288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0288
El-Gaby, M., Shipton, O.A. and Paulsen, O. (2014) Synaptic Plasticity and Memory: New Insights from Hippocampal Left-Right Asymmetries. Neuroscientist. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858414550658
Park, P., Volianskis, A., Sanderson, T.M., Bortolotto, Z.A., Jane, D.E., Zhuo, M., Kaang, B.K. and Collingridge, G.L. (2013) NMDA Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Potentiation Comprises a Family of Temporally Overlapping Forms of Synaptic Plasticity that Are Induced by Different Patterns of Stimulation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369, Article ID: 20130131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0131
Sloviter, R.S., Bumanglag, A.V., Schwarcz, R.M. and Frotscher, M. (2012) Abnormal Dentate Gyrus Network Circuitry in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. In: Noebels, J., Avoli, M., Rogawski, M., Olsen, R. and Delgado-Escueta, A., Eds., Jasper’s Basis Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Oxford University Press, New York, 454-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199746545.003.0034
Schwartzkroin, P.A. (2007) Epilepsy: Models, Mechanisms and Concepts. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Avoli, M. (2007) Electrophysiology and Pharmacology of Human Neocortex and Hippocampus in Vitro. In: Schwartzkroin, P.A., Ed., Epilepsy: Models, Mechanisms and Concepts, Cambridge University Press, New York, 244- 280.
Wilson, W.A. and Bragdon, A. (1993) Brain Slice Models for the Study of Seizures and Interictal Spikes. In: Schwartzkroin, P.A., Ed., Epilepsy: Models, Mechanisms and Concepts, Cambridge University Press, New York, 371- 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511663314.015
Gale, K. (1993) Focal Trigger and Pathways of Propagation in Seizure Generation. In: Schwartzkroin, P.A., Ed., Epilepsy: Models, Mechanisms and Concepts, Cambridge University Press, New York, 48-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511663314.004
Durstewitz, D. (2009) Implications of Synaptic Biophysics for Recurrent Network Dynamics and Active Memory. Neural Networks, 22, 1189-1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2009.07.016
Telfeian, A.E. and Connors, B.W. (1999) Epileptiform Propagation Patterns Mediated by NMDA and Non-NMDA Receptors in Rat Neocortex. Epilepsia, 40, 1499-1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02032.x Kelly, J.B. and Zhang, H. (2002) Contribution of AMPA and NMDA Receptors to Excitatory Responses in the Inferior Colliculus. Hearing Research, 168, 35-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5955(02)00372-6
Schneiderman, J.H. and Macdonald, J.F. (1989) Excitatory Amino Acid Blockers Differentially Affect Bursting of in Vitro Hippocampal Neurons in Two Pharmacological Models of Epilepsy. Neuroscience, 31, 596-603.
The Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
Gerrans, P. (2014) Pathologies of Hyperfamiliarity in Dreams, Delusions and déjà vu. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00097
Furlanetto, T., Bertone, C. and Becchio, C. (2013) The Bilocated Mind: New Perspectives on Self-Localization and Self-Identification. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00071
Occhionero, M. and Cicogna, P.C. (2011) Autoscopic Phenomena and One’s Own Body Representation in Dreams. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 1009-1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.01.004
Brugger, P., Blanke, O., Regard, M., Bradford, D.T. and Landis, T. (2006) Polyopic Heautoscopy: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Cortex, 42, 666-674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70403-9
Alvarez-Silva, I., Alvarez-Rodriguez, J., Alvarez-Silva, S., Perez-Echeverria, M.J. and Campayo-Martínez, A. (2007) Melancholic Major Depression and Epilepsy. Medical Hypotheses, 69, 1046-1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.088
Picard, F. and Kurth, F. (2014) Ictal Alterations of Consciousness during Ecstatic Seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior, 30, 58-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.09.036
Huxley, A. (1924) The Doors of Perception. http://www.huxley.net/doors-of-perception/aldoushuxley-thedoorsofperception.pdf
Hesse, H. (1963) Steppenwolf. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. http://img0.liveinternet.ru/images/attach/c/0/3716/3716962_hermann_hesse__steppenwolf.pdf
Loyola I (1900) Autobiography. Benzinger Brothers, New York. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24534/24534-h/24534-h.htm
Noakes, R. (2014) Haunted Thoughts of the Careful Experimentalist: Psychical Research and the Troubles of Experimental Physics. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C, 48 Pt A, 46-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.07.003
Zanarini, M.C., Frankenburg, F.R., Wedig, M.M. and Fitzmaurice, G.M. (2013) Cognitive Experiences Reported by Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and Axis II Comparison Subjects: A 16-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 671-679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010055
Bobrow, R.S. (2011) Evidence for a Communal Consciousness. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing, 7, 246-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2011.04.001
Utts, J. (1991) Replication and Meta-Analysis in Parapsychology. Statistical Science, 6, 363-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177011577
Persinger, M.A. and Saroka, K.S. (2012) Protracted Parahippocampal Activity Associated with Sean Harribance. International Journal of Yoga, 5, 140-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.98238
Venkatasubramanian, G., Jayakumar, P., Nagendra, H., Nagaraja, D., Deeptha, R. and Gangadhar, B. (2008) Investing Paranormal Phenomena: Functional Brain Imaging of Telepathy. International Journal of Yoga, 1, 66-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.43543
Rahey, S. (2004) Prescience as an Aura of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Epilepsia, 45, 982-984.
Starr, M.S. (1996) The Role of Dopamine in Epilepsy. Synapse, 22, 159-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199602)22:2 3.0.CO;2-C
Mendez, M. (2000) Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. In: Sadock, B. and Sadock, V., Eds., Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 261-273.
Mostert, J.P., Koch, M.W., Heerings, M., Heersema, D.J. and De Keyser, J. (2008) Therapeutic Potential of Fluoxetine in Neurological Disorders. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 14, 153-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2008.00040.x
Jobe, P.C. and Browning, R.A. (2005) The Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Effects of Antidepressant Drugs Are Anticonvulsant, Not Proconvulsant. Epilepsy & Behavior, 7, 602-619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.07.014
Albano, C., Cupello, A., Mainardi, P., Scarrone, S. and Favale, E. (2006) Successful Treatment of Epilepsy with Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Proposed Mechanism. Neurochemical Research, 31, 509-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-006-9045-7
Farazifard, R. and Wu, S.H. (2010) Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Modulate Glutamatergic and GABAergic Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus. Brain Research, 1325, 28-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.021
Sanchez, J.T., Gans, D. and Wenstrup, J.J. (2007) Contribution of NMDA and AMPA Receptors to Temporal Patterning of Auditory Responses in the Inferior Colliculus. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 1954-1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2894-06.2007
Wu, S.H., Ma, C.L. and Kelly, J.B. (2004) Contribution of AMPA, NMDA, and GABA(A) Receptors to Temporal Pattern of Postsynaptic Responses in the Inferior Colliculus of the Rat. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 4625-4634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0318-04.2004
Aristotle (2011) The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press. http://archive.org/stream/worksofaristotle07arisuoft/worksofaristotle07arisuoft_djvu.txt
Jouanna, J. (2012) Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004232549
Fingelkurts, A.A., Fingelkurts, A.A. and Kahkonen, S. (2005) New Perspectives in Pharmaco-Electroencephalography. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 29, 193-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.002
Arnedo, J., Svrakic, D.M., Del Val, C., Romero-Zaliz, R., Hernández-Cuervo, H., Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia Consortium, Fanous, A.H., Pato, M.T., Pato, C.N., de Erausquin, G.A., Cloninger, C.R. and Zwir, I. (2014) Uncovering the Hidden Risk Architecture of the Schizophrenias: Confirmation in the Three Independent Genome- Wide Association Studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, Ahead of Print. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14040435
Alvarez-Rodriguez, J., Alvarez-Silva, S. and Alvarez-Silva, I. (2014) Is the Current Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Useful or Harmful? Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 3, 157-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2014.32018
Fuldford, K.W. (2011) Neuroscience and Values: A Case Study Illustrating Developments in Policy, Training and Research in the UK and Internationally. Mens Sana Monographs, 9, 79-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1229.77428
Kinghorn, W.A. (2011) Whose Disorder? A Constructive Macintyrean Critique of Psychiatric Nosology. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 36, 187-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhr006
Jahoda, M. (1958) Current Concepts of Positive Mental Health. Basic Books, New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11258-000
Kesller, R.C., Ciu, W.T., Deler, O. and Walters, E.E. (2005) Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of Twelve-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
Not Authors Cited (2000) Cross-National Comparisons of the Prevalences and Correlates of Mental Disorders. WHO International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 413-426.