Dermatophagoides farinae group 2 (Der f2) is a highly polymorphic allergen that shows a distinct pattern of sequence divergence. The effect of the variants on antibody and T cell responses has not been compared. The aim of the present study was to evaluate IgE binding, transcription and translations for IL-5, IFN-γ and TGF-β induced by mite allergens. Sera from 24 HDM-allergic patients and 20 non-allergic subjects were measured for IgE reactivity by ELISA. PBMC was cultured with mite allergens (Df, rDerf2) and mitogen (PHA). The supernatants and cell pellet obtained were evaluated for cytokine production by ELISA and cytokine gene expression by RT-PCR, respectively. Four patients showed IgE reactivity to both allergens. Five patients showed IgE reactivity to Df. Other allergic patients and all non-allergic subjects did not show IgE reactivity to mite allergens. Both allergens showed similar levels of IL-5 and IFN-γ transcriptions in allergic patients and non-allergic subjects. The rDer f2 induced IL-5 protein from allergic patients higher than non-allergic subjects, while Df showed IL-5 protein from allergic patients similar to non-allergic subjects. Df induced IFN-protein from allergic patients higher than non-allergic subjects whereas rDer f2 induced IFN-protein from allergic patients similar to non-allergic subjects. The ratio of IFN-γ to IL-5 production after stimulation with rDer f2 was higher in non-allergic subjects than in allergic patients. Our data demonstrated that the changes in the sequence of rDer f2 compared with native Df had effect on cytokine production in both allergic patients and non-allergic subjects.
KeywordsDermatophagoides FarinaeIgEIL-5IFN-γTGF-β
Thomas, W.R., Smith, W.A., Hales, B.J., Mills, K.L. and O’Brien, R.M. (2002) Characterization and immunobi- ology of house dust mite allergens. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 129, 1-18. doi:10.1159/000065179
Phiphatchaipaisarn, R., Rabablert, J., Bramarapravati, K., Thongdee, D., Wongpitoon, N., Durongpisitkul, W. and Malainual, N. (2010) Development of time-resolved im- munofluorometric assays for the detection of house dust mite-allergic IgE in human sera. Health, 2, 1280-1286. doi:10.4236/health.2010.211190
Hales, B.J., Shen, H. and Thomas, W.R., (2000) Cytokine responses to Der p 1 and Der p 7: House dust mite aller- gens with different IgE-binding activities. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 30, 934-943. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00901.x
Piboonpocanun, S., Malainual, N., Jirapongsananuruk, O., Vichyanond, P. and Thomas, W.R. (2006) Genetic poly- morphisms of major house dust mite allergens. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 36, 510-516. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02464.x
Hales, B.J., Hazell, L.A., Smith, W. and Thomas, W.R. (2002) Genetic variation of Der p 2 allergens: effects on T cell responses and immunoglobulin E binding. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 32, 1461-1467. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01500.x
Till, S., (1997) Immunotherapy: Readdressing the balance between TH2 and TH1 cells. Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 27, 1007-1015. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01244.x
Rudin, A., Macaubas, C., Wee, C., Holt, B.J., Slya, P.D. and Holt, P.G., (2001) “Bystander” amplification of PBMC cytokine responses to seasonal allergen in polysensitized atopic children. Allergy, 56, 1042-1048. doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00991.x
Romagnani, S. (2000) The role of lymphocytes in aller- gic disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 105, 399-408. doi:10.1067/mai.2000.104575
Romagnani, S. (2000) T-cell subsets (Th1 versus Th2). Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 85, 9-18. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62426-X
Kimura, M., Tsuruta, S. and Yoshida, T., (1998) Unique profile of IL-4 and IFN-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in infants with atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 102, 238- 244. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70092-2
Liu, L., Jarjour, N.N., Busse, W.W. and Kelly, E.A. (2004) Enhanced generation of helper T type 1 and 2 chemoki- nes in allergen-induced asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 169, 1118-1124. doi:10.1164/rccm.200312-1659OC
Sugimoto, T., Ishikawa, Y., Yoshimoto, T., Hayashi, N., Fujimoto, J. and Nakanishi, K. (2004) Interleukin 18 acts on memory T helper cells type 1 to induce airway in- flammation and hyperresponsiveness in a naive host mouse. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 199, 595- 545. doi:10.1084/jem.20031368
Letterio, J.J. and Roberts, A.B. (1998) Regulation of immune responses by TGF-beta. Annual Review of Immunology, 16, 137-161. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.137
Mello, L.M., Bechara, M.I., Solé, D. and Rodrigues, V. (2009) TH1/TH2 balance in concomitant immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity diseases. Immunology Letters, 124, 88-94. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2009.04.011
Grammer, L.C., Ditto, A.M., Tripathi, A. and Harris, K.E, (2002) Prevalence and onset of rhinitis and con- junctivitis in subjects with occupational asthma caused by trimellitic anhydride (TMA). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44, 1179-1181. doi:10.1097/00043764-200212000-00013
Tripathi, A. and Grammer, L.C., (2001) Extrinsic allergic alveolitis from a proteolytic enzyme. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 86, 425-427. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62489-1
Mamoni, R.L. and Blotta, M.H., (2005) Kinetics of cyto- kines and chemokines gene expression distinguishes Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection from disease. Cy- tokine, 32, 20-29. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2005.07.006
Chapman, M.D., Heymann, P.W., Wilkins, S.R., Brown, M.J. and Platts-Mills, T.A. (1987) Monoclonal immuno- assays for major dust mite (Dermatophagoides) allergens, Der p I and Der f I, and quantitative analysis of the aller- gen content of mite and house dust extracts. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 80, 184-194. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(87)90128-X
Tanyaratsrisakul, S., Malainual, N., Jirapongsananuruk, O., Smith, W.A., Thomas, W.R. and Piboonpocanun, S. (2009) Structural and IgE binding analyses of recom- binant der p 2 expressed from the hosts escherichia coli and pichia pastoris. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 29, 190-198. doi:10.1159/000242356
Alves, R., Silva, D.A., Fernandes, J.F., Almeida, K.C., Ynoue, L.H., Bernardes, C.T., Moreira, P.F., Gennari-Cardoso, M.L., Sung, S.J. and Taketomi, E.A. (2008) Humoral and cellular immune responses to Blomia tropicalis and concanavalin A-binding fractions in atopic patients. Brazilian Journal of Medical Biological Research, 41, 773-781. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2008000900006
Silva, T.M., Guimar?es, R.E., Nascimento, E., Becker, H.M., Araújo, R.N. and Nunes, F.B. (2009) RT-PCR cytokine study in patients with allergic rhinitis. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, 75, 24-29. doi:10.1590/S0034-72992009000100004
Almeida, K.C., Silva, D.A., Gennari-Cardoso, M.L., Cunha-Júnior, J.P., Alves, R., Ynoue, L.H., Resende, R.O., Sung, S.J. and Taketomi, E.A. (2006) Responses of IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 to concanavalin A-binding Blomia tropicalis antigens in allergic patients. Brazilian Journal of Medical Biological Research, 39, 1445-1454.
O’Byrne, P.M. and Wood, L. (1999) Interleukin-5 and allergic inflammation. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 29, 573-575. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00556.x
Weber-Chrysochoou, C., Crisafulli, D., Almqvist, C., Li, Q., Kemp, A.S., Britton, W.J. and Marks, G.B. (2007) IL-5 T-cell responses to house dust mite are associated with the development of allergen-specific IgE responses and asthma in the first 5 years of life. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 120, 286-292. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.034
Kim, H.B., Jin, H.S., et al. (2009) The effect of rush immuno-therapy with house dust mite in the production of IL-5 and IFN-gamma from the peripheral blood T cells of asthmatic children. Journal of Korean Medical Scien- ce, 24, 392-397. doi:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.3.392
Kimura, M., Okafuji, I. and Yoshida, T. (2003) Theophyl-line suppresses IL-5 and IL-13 production, and lympho- cyte proliferation upon stimulation with house dust mite in asthmatic children. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 131, 189-194. doi:10.1159/000071485
Krug, N., Jung, T., Napp, U., Wagner, K., Schultze-Wern- inghaus, G., Heusser, C., Rieger, C.H., Schauer, U. and Fabel, H. (1998) Frequencies of T cells expressing inter leukin-4 and interleukin-5 in atopic asthmatic children. Comparison with atopic asthmatic adults. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 158, 754-759.
Olivenstein, R., Taha, R., Minshall, E.M. and Hamid, Q.A. (1999) IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA expression in induced sputum of asthmatic subjects: comparison with bronchial wash. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 103, 238-245. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70497-5
Würtzen, P.A., van Neerven, R.J., Arnved, J., Ipsen, H., Sparholt, S.H. (1998) Dissection of the grass aller- gen-specific immune response in patients with allergies and control subjects: T-cell proliferation in patients does not correlate with specific serum IgE and skin reactivity. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 101, 241- 249. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70389-6
Matsui, E., Kaneko, H., Teramoto, T., Fukao, T., Inoue, R., Kasahara, K., Takemura, M., Seishima, M. and Kondo, N. (2000) Reduced IFNgamma production in response to IL-12 stimulation and/or reduced IL-12 production in atopic patients. Clin Exp Allergy, 30, 1250- 1256. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00931.x
Yamaguchi, T., Soma, T., Takaku, Y., Nakagome, K., Hagiwara, K., Kanazawa, M. and Nagata, M. (2010) Salbutamol modulates the balance of Th1 and Th2 cytokines by mononuclear cells from allergic asthmatics. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 152, 32-40. doi:10.1159/000312123
Kimura, M., Tsuruta, S. and Yoshida, T. (2000) IL-4 pro- duction by PBMCs on stimulation with mite allergen is correlated with the level of serum IgE antibody against mite in children with bronchial asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 105, 327-332. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(00)90083-6
Bullens, D.M., De Swerdt, A., Dilissen, E., Kasran, A., Kroczek, R.A., Cadot, P., Casaer, P. and Ceuppens, J.L. (2005) House dust mite-specific T cells in healthy non-atopic children. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 35, 1535-1541. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02352.x
Yazdanbakhsh, M., van den Biggelaar, A. and Maizels R.M. (2001) Th2 responses without atopy: Immunoregu- lation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease. Trends in Immunology, 22, 372-377. doi:10.1016/S1471-4906(01)01958-5
Ling, E.M., Smith, T., Nguyen, X.D., Pridgeon, C., Dallman, M., Arbery, J., Carr, V.A. and Robinson, D.S. (2004) Relation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell sup- pression of allergen-driven T-cell activation to atopic status and expression of allergic disease. Lancet, 363, 608-615. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15592-X
Duramad, P., Tager, I.B., Leikauf, J., Eskenazi, B. and Holland, N.T. (2006) Expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines in human blood after in vitro treatment with chlorpyrifos, and its metabolites, in combination with endotoxin LPS and allergen Der p1. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 26, 458-465. doi:10.1002/jat.1162