The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between life orientation and cognitive emotion regulation with job stress. On this basis, a sample of 100 employees working in Guilan Education Office was used and research hypotheses were examined by job stress, life orientation and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaires. The results of this study indicate that job stress has a significant relationship with life orientation (-0.32), self-blame (0.25), rumination (-0.36), positive refocusing (0.25), positive refocusing on program (-0.21), positive reappraisal (-0.28), catastrophizing (-0.39) and other blames (-0.25). Furthermore, life orientation and cognitive regulation could explain 22% variances in respondents’ job stress. This finding indicates that more positive life orientation and subsequent decrease of emotion-regulation-related disorders will lead to less job stress.
Obradovic, J. and Cudina-Obradovic, M. (2011) Work Stress and Marital Quality in Dual Earner: A Test of Three Mediation Models. Drustvena istrazivanja: Casopis za opca drustvena pitanja, 22, 673-691. https://doi.org/10.5559/di.22.4.06
Baloban, J. and Crpic, G. (2000) Bitnevrednotezauspjesanbrak u Hrvatskoj (Essential Values for a Successful Marriage in Croatia). Bogoslovskasmotra, 70, 313-341.
Molai, M., Mohammadi, A., Habibi, A., Zamanzadh, V., Molavi, P. and Mozaffari, N. (2011) Evaluation of Some Factors in Job Stress and Working Women in Ardebil 2009. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 11, 76-85.
Laird, M.D., Perryman, A.A., Hochwarter, W.A., Ferris, G.R. and Zinko, R. (2009) The Moderating Effects of Personal Reputation on Accountability-Strain Relationship. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14, 70-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012567
Kahn, R.L. and Byosiere, P. (1992) Stress in Organizations. In: Dunnete, M.D. and Hough, L.M., Eds., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd Edition, Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, CA, Vol. 3, 571-650.
Dipboye, R.L., Smith, C.S. and Howell, W. (1994) Understanding Industrial and Organizational Psychology: An Integrated Approach. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Fort Worth.
Mukherjee, D. (2012) Facilitating Productive Work Life with Respect to Life-Orientation, Gender and Occupational Stress. Journal of Organisation & Human Behaviour, 1, 12-17.
Spooner-Lane, R., Ed. (2004) The Influence of Work Stress and Work Support on Burnout in Public Hospital Nurses. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane.
Aghilinejad, M., Mohammadi, S., Afkari, M. and Abbaszade Dizaji, R. (2007) Surveying the Association between Occupational Stress and Mental Health, Personality and Life Stressful Events in Tehran Police Officers. Research in Medicine, 31, 355-360.
Hoogendoorn, W.E., Bongers, P.M. and de Vet, H.C. (2002) High Physical Work Load and Low Job Satisfaction Increase the Risk of Sickness Absence Due to Low Back Pain: Results of a Prospective Cohort Study. Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 59, 323-328. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.5.323
Seward, J.P. (2004) Occupational Stress. In: LaDou, J., Ed., Current Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 3rd Edition, MC Grow Hill, New York, 603-618.
Bolger, N., DeLongis, A., Kessler, R. and Wethington, E. (1989) The Contagion of Stress across Multiple Roles. Journal of Marriage and Family, 51, 175-183. https://doi.org/10.2307/352378
Peterson, D.K. (2003) The Relationship between Ethical Pressure, Relativistic Moral Beliefs and Organizational Commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18, 557-572. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310494386
Aghaei, A., Khayyamnekouei, Z. and Yousefy, A. (2013) General Health Prediction Based on Life Orientation, Quality of Life, Life Satisfaction and Age. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 569-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.605
Rasmussen, H.N., Scheier, M.F. and Greenhouse, J.B. (2009) Optimism and Physical Health: A Meta-Analytic Review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9111-x
Raikkonen, K., Matthews, K.A., Flory, J.D., Owens, J.F. and Gump, B.B. (1999) Effects of Optimism, Pessimism, and Trait Anxiety on Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Mood during Everyday Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 104-113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.104
Kubzansky, L.D., Wright, R.J., Cohen, S., Weiss, S., Rosner, B. and Sparrow, D. (2002) Breathing Easy: A Prospective Study of Optimism and Pulmonary Function in the Normative Aging Study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 345-353. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2404_11
Allison, P.J., Guichard, C., Fung, K. and Gilain, L. (2003) Dispositional Optimism Predicts Survival Status 1 Year after Diagnosis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, 543-548. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.10.092
Achat, H., Kawachi, I., Spiro, A., III, DeMolles, D.A. and Sparrow, D. (2000) Optimism and Depression as Predictors of Physical and Mental Health Functioning: The Normative Aging Study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 127-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02895776
Machaty, A. (2013) Dispositional Optimism and Marital Adjustment. Theses and Dissertations, Family Sciences, Paper 7. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/7.
Lavner, J., Karney, B. and Bradbury, T (2013) Newlyweds’ Optimistic Forecasts of their Marriage: For Better or for Worse? Journal of Family Psychology, 27, 531-540. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033423
Coetzee, M. and de Villiers, M. (2010) Sources of Job Stress, Work Engagement and Career Orientations of Employees in a South African Financial Institution. Southern African Business Review, 14, 27-58.
Gavnefski, N., Kraaij, V. and Spinhoven, P. (2001) Negative Life Events, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Emotional Problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1311-1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6
Hasani J. (2010) The Psychometric Properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2, 73-84.
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. and Schweizer, S. (2010) Emotion-Regulation Strategies across Psychopathology: A Meta-Analytic Review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
Moore, S.A., Zoellner, L.A. and Mollenholdt, N. (2008) Are Expressive Suppression and Cognitive Reappraisal Associated with Stress-Related Symptoms? Behavior Research and Therapy, 46, 993-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.001
Tice, D.M., Bratslavsky, E. and Baumeister, R.F. (2001) Emotional Distress Regulation Takes Precedence Over Impulse Control: If You Feel Bad, Do It! Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.53
Bar-On, R. (2006) The Bar-On Model of Emotional-Social Intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18, 13-25.
Rottenberg, J. and Gross, J.J. (2003) When Emotion Goes Wrong: Realizing the Promise of Affective Science. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 10, 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg012
Garnefski, N., Van Den Kommer, T., Kraaij, V., Teerds, J., Legerstee, J. and Onstein, E. (2002) The Relationship between Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Emotional Problems: Comparison between a Clinical and a Non-Clinical Sample, European Journal of Personality, 16, 403-420. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.458
Kelly, Z.L. (2004) Experiencing Job Burnout: Their Roles of Positive and Negative Traits and States. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 887-991. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02576.x
Demirtas, O., Ozdevecioglu, M. and Capar, N. (2015) The Relationship between Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Job Stress: Moderating Role of Social Support Asian Social Science; 11, 168-173.
Extremera, N. and Rey, L. (2014) Health-Related Quality of Life and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in the Unemployed: A Cross-Sectional Survey. BioMed Central, 12, 172-180.
Marzabadi, E. and Gholami Fesharaki, M. (2010) The Investigation of Validity and Reliability of HSE Questionnaire, Journal of Behavioral Science, 14, 291-298.
Brookes, K., Limbert, C., Deacy, C., O’Reilly, A., Scott, S. and Thirlaway, K. (2013) Systematic Review: Work-Related Stress and the HSE Management Standards. Occupational Medicine, 63, 463-472. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqt078
Kerr, R., McHugh, M. and McCrory, M. (2009) HSE Management Standards and Stress-Related Work Outcomes. Occupational Medicine, 59, 574-579. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqp146
Scheier, M.F. and Carver, C.S. (1985) Optimism, Coping, and Health: Assessment and Implications of Generalized Outcome Expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
Pulford, B.D. (2009) Is Luck on My Side? Optimism, Pessimism, and Ambiguity Aversion. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 1079-1087. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210802592113
Scheier, M.F., Carver, C.S. and Kus, L.A. (1994) Effects of Good versus Bad Mood and Optimistic versus Pessimistic Outlook on Social Acceptance versus Rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 138-151. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1994.13.2.138
Garnefski, N., Pannebakker, N., Ruchlewska, A. and Kraaij, V. (2003) Relationships between Cognitive Coping Strategies, Personality Traits and Symptoms of Depression. Gedragen Gezondheid, 31, 250-261.
Khatibi, M. and Yousefi, F. (2003) Cognition and Emotion: The Cognitive Regulation of Emotions: A Review. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2, 15-24.
Gustems-Carnicer, J. Calderón, C. and Santacana, F. (2017) Psychometric Properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) and Its Relationship with Psychological Well-Being and Academic Progress in College Students. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia, 49, 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rlp.2016.05.001
White, B.P. and Ma, A. (2014) Relationships among Occupation/Activity Patterns, Health and Stress Perceptions, and Life Orientation in Well Adults. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2, 1-17.
Rathore, S., Kumar, A. and Gautam, A. (2015) Life Satisfaction and Life Orientation as predictors of Psychological Well Being. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3, 20-27.
Shahba, S., Alvani, S.M., Zahedi, S.A. and Memarzadeh, G. (2014) An Investigation on the Effect of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies on Job Satisfaction. Management Science Letters, 4, 1315-1324. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2014.4.010
Mihalca, A.M. and Tarnavska, Y. (2012) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Social Functioning in Adolescents. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, 574-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.312
Gerin, W., Zawadzki, M.J., Brosschot, J.E., Thayer, J.F., Christenfeld, N.J., Campbell, T.S. and Smyth, J.M. (2012) Rumination as a Mediator of Chronic Stress Effects on Hypertension: A Causal Model. International Journal of Hypertension, 2012, Article ID: 453465. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/453465
Duarte, A.C., Matos, A.P. and Marques, C. (2015) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Depressive Symptoms: Gender’s Moderating Effect. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 165, 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.632
Garland, E.L., Gaylord, S.A. and Fredrickson, B.L. (2011) Positive Reappraisal Mediates the Stress-Reductive Effects of Mindfulness: An Upward Spiral Process. Mindfulness, 2, 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0043-8
Querstret, D. and Cropley, M. (2012) Exploring the Relationship between Work-Related Rumination, Sleep Quality and Work-Related Fatigue. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17, 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028552
Ghanei, R., Valeei, S., Rezaei, M. and Rezaei, K. (2013) The Relationship between Personal Traits and Job Stress among Nurses. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 1, 27-34.
Milutinovic, D., Golubovic, B., Brkic, N. and Prokes, B. (2012) Professional Stress and Health among Critical Care Nurses in Serbia. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 63, 171-180. https://doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2140
Antigoni, F., Pediaditaki, O. and Dimitrios, T. (2011) Nursing Staff under Heavy Stress: Focus on Greece—A Critical Review. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 4, 11.