The world population’s constant increase and the continuous need to ensure food safety and security are among the major challenges to be faced in the next 30 years. In addition, human diet is evolving with a decreased inclusion of proteins from animal sources. In this context, consumption of insects by humans (entomophagy) could be an alternative solution to the intake of protein derived from conventional livestock, due to the lower environmental impact of insect rearing compared to traditional farming. Furthermore, various insect species have promising nutritional profiles regarding both macro and micronutrients. Nowadays, it is recognized that about 2 billion people consume insects at a worldwide scale, with more than 2000 different species to have been reported. Since the beginning of the 2000s, mass rearing of insects for human consumption has been developing all over the world. Nevertheless edible insects are foodstuffs of animal origin and are usually consumed in their entirety, including the digestive tract, meaning that they may contain biological agents with hazardous potential (e.g. bacteria, parasites, viruses, prions, yeasts, molds, mycotoxins, histamine, and antibiotic resistance genes) and they must undergo a thorough analysis. Therefore, establishing the synthesis of the current knowledge on entomophagy and the related biological hazards is the main purpose of this review.
FAO (2009) How to Feed the World in 2050? http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World _in_2050.pdf
Belluco, S., Losasso, C., Maggioletti, M., Alonzi, C.C., Paoletti, M.G. and Ricci, A. (2013) Edible Insects in a Food Safety and Nutritional Perspective: A Critical Review. Comprehensive Review of Food Science and Food Safety, 12, 296-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12014
Anses Opinion (2014) Opinion on the Use of Insects as Food and Feed and the Review of Scientific Knowledge on the Health Risks Related to the Consumption of Insects. https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/BIORISK2014sa0153.pdf
De Vries, M. and de Boer, I.J.M. (2010) Comparing Environmental Impacts for Livestock Products: A Review of Life Cycle Assessments. Livestock Science, 128, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.007
Oonincx, D.G.A.B. and de Boer, I.J.M. (2012) Environmental Impact of the Production of Mealworm as a Protein Source for Human—A Life Cycle Assessment. PLoS ONE, 7, e51145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051145
Van Huis, A. (2003) Insects as Food in Sub-Saharian Africa. Insect Science and Application, 23, 163-185. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400023572
Ramos-Elorduy, J. (2009) Anthropo-Entomophagy: Cultures, Evolution and Sustainability. Entomological Research, 39, 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2009.00238.x
Rumpold, B.A. and Schlüter, O.K. (2013) Potential and Challenges of Insects as an Innovative Source for Food and Feed Production. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technology, 17, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2012.11.005
Schabel, H.G. (2010) Forest Insects as Food: A Global Review. Proceedings of a Workshop on Asia-Pacific Resources and Their Potential for Development, Bangkok, 37-64.
Rumpold, B.A. and Schlüter, O.K. (2013) Nutritional Composition and Safety Aspects of Edible Insects. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 57, 802-823. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201200735
Lalander, C.H., Fidjeland, J., Diener, S., Eriksson, S. and Vinneras, B. (2015) High Waste-to-Biomass Conversion and Efficient Salmonella Reduction Using Black Soldier Fly for Waste Recycling. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0235-4
EFSA Opinion (2015) Risk Profile Related to Production and Consumption of Insects as Food and Feed. EFSA Journal, 13, e4257. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4257
Federighi, M. and Friant-Perrot, M. (2009) Organizational and Operational Factors for Food Safety Management. In: Laude, A. and Tabuteau, D., Eds., Sécurité des patients, sécurité des consommateurs, Presse Universitaire de France, Paris, 147-159. https://doi.org/10.3917/puf.tabu.2009.01.0147
Mughini-Gras, L., Kooh, P., Augustin, J.C., David, J., Fravalo, P., Guillier, L., Jourdan-Da-Silva, N., Thébault, A., Sanaa, M., Watier, L. and the Anses Working Group on Source Attribution of Foodborne Diseases (2018) Source Attribution of Foodborne Diseases: Potentialities, Hurdles and Future Expectations. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1983. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01983
Greig, J.D. and Ravel, D. (2009) Analysis of Foodborne Outbreak Data Reported Internationally for Source Attribution. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 130, 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.031
Painter, J.A., Hoekstra, R.M., Ayers, T., Tauxe, R.V., Braden, C.R., Angulo, F.J. and Griffin, P.M. (2013) Attribution of Foodborne Illnesses, Hospitalizations, and Deaths to Food Commodities by Using Outbreak Data, United States, 1998-2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19, 407-415. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1903.111866
EFSA and ECDC (2018) The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-Borne Outbreaks in 2017. EFSA Journal, 16, e05500. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5500
Anses Opinion (2018) Opinion Related to Sources Attribution of Infectious Foodborne Diseases—Part 2: Epidemiological Data Analysis. https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/BIORISK2015SA0162Ra-2.pdf
Fernandez-Cassi, X., Supeanu, A., Vaga, M., Jansson, A., Boqvist, S. and Vagsholm, I. (2019) The House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel Food: A Risk Profile. Journal of Insects for Food and Feed, 5, 137-157. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2018.0021
Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mbata, G.N., Nguyen, K.B., Peat, S.M., Blackburn, D. and Adams, B.J. (2009) Characterization of Biocontrol Traits in the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis georgiana (Kesha Strain), and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Nematode’s Symbiotic Bacteria. Biological Control, 51, 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.07.009
Libersat, F., Delago, A. and Gal, R. (2009) Manipulation of Host Behavior by Parasitic Insects and Insect Parasites. Annual Review of Entomology, 54, 189-207. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090556
Pereira, K.S., Schmidt, F.L., Barbosa, R.L., Guaraldo, A.M., Franco, R.M., Dias, V.L. and Passos, L.A. (2010) Transmission of Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) by Food. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 59, 63-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-4526(10)59003-X
Mézes, M. (2018) Food Safety Aspects of Insects: A Review. Acta Alimentaria, 47, 513-522. https://doi.org/10.1556/066.2018.47.4.15
Chai, J.Y., Shin, E.H., Lee, S.H. and Rim, H.J. (2009) Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 47, S69-S102. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S69
Yu, S.H. and Mott, K.E. (1994) Epidemiology and Morbidity of Food-Borne Intestinal Trematode Infections. Tropical Disease Bulletin, 91, R125-R152. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/61103/WHO_SCHISTO_94.108.pdf
Libertin, C.R., Reza, M., Peterson, J.M., Lewis, J. and Hata, D.J. (2017) Human Gongylonema pulchrum Infection: Esophaegal Symptoms and Need for Prolonged Albendazole Therapy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96, 873-875. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0852
Wilson, M.E., Lorente, C.A., Allen, J.E. and Eberhard, M.L. (2001) Gongylonema Infection of the Mouth in a Resident of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32, 1378-1380. https://doi.org/10.1086/319991
Jeandron, A., Rinaldi, L., Abdyldaieva, G., Usubalieva, J., Steinmann, P., Cringoli, G. and Utzinger, J. (2011) Human Infection with Dicrocoelium dendriticum in Kyrgiztan: The Tip of the Iceberg? Journal of Parasitology, 97, 1170-1172. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-2828.1
Graczyk, T.K., Knight, R. and Tamang, L. (2005) Mechanical Transmission of Human Protozoan Parasites by Insects. Clinical Microbiology Review, 18, 128-132. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.1.128-132.2005
Eilenberg, J., Vlak, J.M., Nielsen-Leroux, C., Cappelloza, S. and Jensen, A.B. (2015) Diseases in Insects Produced for Food and Feed. Journal of Insects for Food and Feed, 1, 87-102. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2014.0022
El Far, M., Li, Y., Fédiére, G. and Tijssen, P. (2004) Lack of Infection of Vertebrate Cells by the Densovirus from the Maize Worm Mythimna loreyi. Virus Research, 99, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2003.09.010
Wanaratana, S., Amonsin, A., Chaisingh, A., Panyim, S., Sasipreeyajan, J. and Pakpinyo, S. (2013) Experimental Assessment of Houseflies as Vectors in Avian Influenza Subtype H5N1 Transmission in Chickens. Avian Diseases, 57, 266-272. https://doi.org/10.1637/10347-090412-Reg.1
Thackray, A.M., Muhammad, F., Zhang, C., Deneyer, M., Spiropoulos, J., Crowther, D.C. and Bujdoso, R. (2012) Prion-Induced Toxicity in PrP Transgenic Drosophila. Experimental and Molecular Patholology, 92, 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.01.005
Post, K., Riesner, D., Waldorf, V. and Mehlhorn, H. (1999) Fly Larvae and Pupae Are Vectors for Scrapie. The Lancet, 354, 1969-1970. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00469-9
Garofalo, C., Milanovic, V., Cardinali, F., Aquilanti, L., Clementi, F. and Osimani, A. (2019) Current Knowledge on the Microbiota of Edible Insects Intended for Human Consumption: A State-of-the-Art Review. Food Research International, 125, Article ID: 108527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108527
Wynants, E., Frooninckx, L., Van Miert, S., Geeraerd, A., Claes, J. and Van Campenhout, L. (2018) Microbial Dynamics Durind Production of Lesser Mealworms (Alphitobius diaperinus) for Human Consumption at Industrial Scale. Food Microbiology, 70, 181-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.09.012
Osimani, A., Garofalo, C., Milanovic, V., Cardinali, F., Aquilanti, L., Pasquini, M., Mozzon, M., Raffaelli, N., Ruschioni, S., Riolo, P., Isidoro, N. and Clementi, F. (2017) Insight into the Proximate Composition and Microbial Diversity of Edible Insects Marketed in the European Union. European Food Research Technology, 243, 1157-1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-016-2828-4
Siame, A.B., Mpuchane, S., Gashe, B.A., Allotey, J. and Teferra, G. (1996) Nutritional Quality of Mophane Worms, Imbresia belina (Westwood), and the Microorganisms Associated with the Worms. Proceedings First Multidisplinary Symposium on Phanes, 18 June 1996, 80-83.
Mpuchane, S., Taligoola, H. and Gashe, B. (1996) Fungi Associated with Imbrasia belina, an Edible Caterpillar. Botswana Notes and Records, 28, 193-197.
Simpanya, M.F., Allotey, J. and Mpuchane, S.F. (2000) A Mycological Investigation of Phane, an Edible Caterpillar of an Emperor Moth, Imbrasia belina. Journal of Food Protection, 63, 137-140. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-63.1.137
Pitt, J.I. (1995) Phylogeny in the Genus Penicillium: A Morphologist’s Perspective. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73, 768-777. https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-321
FAO/IAEA (2001) Manual on the Application of the HACCP System in Mycotoxin Prevention and Control. Training and Reference Centre for Food and Pesticide Control. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 73, FAO, Roma. http://www.fao.org/3/y1390e/y1390e00.htm
Camenzuli, L., Van Dam, R., de Rijk, T., Andriessen, R., Van Schelt, J. and der Fels-Klerx, V. (2018) Tolerance and Excretion of the Mycotoxins Aflatoxin B1, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, and Ochratoxin A by Alphitobius diaperinus and Hermetia illucens from Contaminated Substrates. Toxins, 10, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020091
Su, L.J., Liu, H., Li, Y., Zhang, H.F., Chen, M., Gao, X.H., Wang, F.Q. and Song, A.D. (2014) Cellulolytic Activity and Structure of Symbiotic Bacteria in Locust Guts. Genetic Molecular Research, 13, 7926-7936. https://doi.org/10.4238/2014.September.29.6
Bastian, F.O., Elzer, P.H. and Wu, X. (2012) Spiroplasma spp. Biofilm Formation Is Instrumental for Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Plant, Insect and Animal Diseases. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 93, 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.04.017
Aquilino, M., Masia, M., López, P., Galiana, A.J., Tovar, J., Andrés, M. and Gutiérrez, F. (2015) First Human Systemic Infection Caused by Spiroplasma. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 53, 719-721. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02841-14
Almuzara, M.N., Palombarani, S., Tuduri, A., Figueroa, S., Gianecini, A., Sabater, L., Ramirez, M.S. and Vay, C.A. (2011) First Case of Fulminant Sepsis Due to Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49, 2333-2335. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00001-11
Johler, S., Kalbhenn, E.M., Heini, N., Brodmann, P., Gautsch, S., Bagcioglu, M., Contzen, M., Stephan, R. and Ehling-Schulz, M. (2018) Enterotoxin Production of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates From Biopesticides, Foods, and Outbreaks. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1915. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01915
Klunder, H.C., Wolkers-Rooijackers, J., Korpela, J.M. and Nout, M.J.R. (2012) Microbiological Aspects of Processing and Storage of Edible Insects. Food Control, 26, 628-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.02.013
Vandeweyer, D., Wynants, E., Crauwels, S., Verreth, C., Viaene, N., Claes, J., Lievens, B. and Van Campenhout, L. (2018) Microbial Dynamics during Industrial Rearing, Processing and Storage of the Tropical House Cricket for Human Consumption. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 84, e00255-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00255-18
Nederlandse Voedsel and Ware Authoriteit (NVWA) Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (2014) Advisory Report on the Risk Associated with the Consumption of Mass-Reared Insects. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277716517_Advisory_report_on_the_risks_associated _with_the_consumption_of_mass_reared_insects
Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC) (2014). http://www.afsca.be/scientificcommittee/opinions/2014/_documents/Advice14-2014_ENG _DOSSIER2014-04.pdf
Garofalo, C., Osimani, A., Milanovic, V., Taccari, M., Aquilanti, L. and Clementi, F. (2015) The Occurrence of Beer Spoilage Lactic Acid Bacteria in Craft Beer Production. Journal of Food Science, 80, M2845-M2852. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13112
Pilet, M.F., Magras, C. and Federighi, M. (2005) Bactéries lactiques. In: Federighi, M., Ed., Manuel de bactériologie alimentaire, Polytechnica, Paris, 219-242.
Murefu, T.R., Macheka, L., Musundire, R. and Manditsera, F.A. (2019) Safety of Wild Harvested and Reared Edible Insects: A Review. Food Control, 101, 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.03.003
Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., Camenzuli, L., Belluco, S., Meijer, N. and Ricci, A. (2018) Food Safety Issues Related to Uses of Insects for Feeds and Foods. Comprehensive Review of Food Science and Food Safety, 17, 1172-1183. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12385
Stoops, J., Vandeweyer, D., Crauwels, S., Verreth, C., Boeckx, H., Van der Borght, M., Claes, J., Lievens, B. and Van Campenhout, L. (2017) Minced Meat-Like Products from Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor and Alphitobius diaperinus): Microbial Dynamics during Production and Storage. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technology, 41, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.02.001
Rumpold, B.A., Frohlinga, A., Reineke, K., Knorr, D., Boguslawski, S., Ehlbeck, J. and Schlüter, O.K. (2014) Comparison of Volumetric and Surface Decontamination Techniques for Innovative Processing of Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor). Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technology, 26, 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2014.09.002
Chomchai, S. and Chomchai, C. (2018) Histamine Poisoning from Insect Consumption: An Outbreak Investigation from Thailand. Clinical Toxicology, 56, 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2017.1349320
Stoops, J., Crauwels, S., Waud, M., Claes, J., Lievens, B. and Van Campenhout, L. (2016) Microbial Community Assessment of Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and Grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) Sold for Human Consumption. Food Microbiology, 53, 122-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2015.09.010
Grabowski, N.T. and Klein, G. (2017) Microbiological Analysis of Raw Edible Insects Journal of Insects for Food and Feed, 3, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2016.0004
Vandeweyer, D., Crauwels, S., Lievens, B. and Van Campenhout, L. (2017) Metagenetic Analysis of the Bacterial Communities of Edible Insects from Diverse Production Cycles at Industrial Rearing Companies. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 261, 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.08.018
Vandeweyer, D., Crauwels, S., Lievens, B. and Van Campenhout, L. (2017) Microbial Counts of Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and Crickets (Acheta domesticus and Gryllodes sigillatus) from Different Rearing Companies and Different Production Batches. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 242, 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.11.007
Caparros Megido, R., Desmedt, S., Blecker, C., Béra, F., Haubruge, E., Alabi, T. and Francis, F. (2017) Microbiological Load of Edible Insects Found in Belgium. Insects, 8, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8010012
Garofalo, C., Osimani, A., Milanovic, V., Taccari, M., Cardinali, F., Aquilanti, L., Riolo, P., Ruschioni, S., Isidoro, N. and Clementi, F. (2017) The Microbiota of Marketed Processed Edible Insects as Revealed by High-Throughput Sequencing. Food Microbiology, 62, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2016.09.012
Wynants, E., Crauwels, S., Lievens, B., Luca, S., Claes, J., Borremans, A., Bruyninckx, L. and Van Campenhout, L. (2017) Effect of Post-Harvest Starvation and Rinsing on the Microbial Numbers and the Bacterial Community Composition of Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor). Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technology, 42, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.06.004
Osimani, A., Milanovic, V., Garofalo, C., Cardinali, F., Roncolini, A., Sabbatini, R., De Filippis, F., Ercolini, D., Gabucci, C., Petruzelli, A., Tonucci, F., Clementi, F. and Aquilanti, L. (2018) Revealing the Microbiota of Marketed Edible Insects through PCR-DGGE, Metagenomic Sequencing and Real-Time PCR. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 276, 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.013
Fasolato, L., Cardazzo, B., Carraro, L., Fontana, F., Novelli, E. and Balzan, S. (2018) Edible Processed Insects from e-Commerce: Food Safety with a Focus on the Bacillus cereus Group. Food Microbiology, 76, 296-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2018.06.008
Messaoudi, M., Manai, M., Federighi, M. and Dousset, X. (2013) Campylobacter in Poultry: Bibliographic Study on Control Strategies at the Breeding Step. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 164, 90-99.
Belluco, S., Losasso, C., Maggioletti, M., Alonzi, C.C., Ricci, A. and Paoletti, M.G. (2015) Edible Insects: A Food Security Solution or a Food Safety Concern? Animal Frontiers, 5, 25-30.
Ssepuuya, G., Wynants, E., Verreth, C., Crauwels, S., Lievens, B., Claes, J., Nakimbugwe, D. and Van Campenhout, L. (2019) Microbial Characterisation of the Edible Grasshopper Ruspolia differens in Raw Condition after Wild-Harvesting in Uganda. Food Microbiology, 77, 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2018.09.005
Grabowski, N.T. and Klein, G. (2017) Bacteria Encountered in Raw Insect, Spider, Scorpion, and Centipede Taxa Including Edible Species, and Their Significance from the Foodhygiene Point of View. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 63, 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.01.007
Ali, A., Mohamadou, B.A., Saidou, C., Aoudou, Y. and Tchiegang, C. (2010) Physicochemical Properties and Safety of Grasshoppers, Important Contributors to Food Security in the Far North Region of Cameroon. Research Journal of Animal Sciences, 4, 108-111. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjnasci.2010.108.111
Wynants, E., Crauwels, S., Verreth, C., Gianotten, N., Lievens, B., Claes, J. and Van Campenhout, L. (2019) Risks Related to the Presence of Salmonella sp. during Rearing of Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) for Food and Feed: Survival in the Substrate and Transmission to the Larvae. Food Control, 100, 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.026
Walia, K., Kapoor, A. and Farber, J.M. (2018) Qualitative Risk Assessment of Cricket Powder to Be Used to Treat Undernutrition in Infants and Children in Cambodia. Food Control, 92, 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.047
Banjo, A.D., Lawal, O.A. and Adeyemi, A.I. (2006) The Microbial Fauna Associated with the Larvae of Oryctes monocerus. Journal of Applied Science Research, 2, 837-843.
Braide, W., Oranusi, S., Udegbunam, L.I., Oguoma, O., Akobondu, C. and Nwaoguikpe, R.N. (2011) Microbiological Quality of an Edible Caterpillar of an Emperor Moth, Bunaea alcinoe. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 3, 176-180.
Opara, M.N., Sanyigha, F.T., Ogbuewu, I.P. and Okoli, I.C. (2012) Studies on the Production Trend and Quality Characteristics of Palm Grubs in the Tropical Rainforest Zone of Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 8, 851-860.
Ekrakene, T. and Igeleke, C.L. (2007) Microbial Isolates from the Roasted Larva of the Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) from Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1, 763-768.
Braide, W., Nwaoguikpe, R.N., Oranusi, E., Udegbunam, L.I., Akobondu, C. and Okorondus, S.I. (2011) The Effect of Biodeterioration on the Nutritional Composition and Microbiology of an Edible Long-Winged Reproductive Termite, Macroterms bellicosus Smeathman. Internet Journal of Food Safety, 13, 107-114.
Ebenebe, C.I. and Okpoko, V.A. (2015) Microbiological Quality of Raw and Roasted African Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) Consumed in the South Eastern Nigeria. Animal Research International, 12, 2159-2165.
Milanovic, V., Osimani, A., Pasquini, M., Aquilanti, L., Garofalo, C., Taccari, M., Cardinali, F., Riolo, P. and Clementi, F. (2016) Getting Insight into the Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Specimens of Marketed Edible Insects. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 227, 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.018
Osimani, A., Cardinali, F., Aquilanti, L., Garofalo, C., Roncolini, A., Milanovic, V., Pasquini, M., Tavoletti, S. and Clementi, F. (2017) Occurrence of Transferable Antibiotic Resistances in Commercialized Ready-to-Eat Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.). International Journal of Food Microbiology, 263, 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.009
Milanovic, V., Osimani, A., Roncolini, A., Garofalo, C., Aquilanti, L., Pasquini, M., Tavoletti, S., Vignaroli, C., Canonico, L., Ciani, M. and Clementi, F. (2018) Investigation of the Dominant Microbiota in Ready-to-Eat Grasshoppers and Mealworms and Quantification of Carbapenem Resistance Genes by qPCR. Froniers in Microbiology, 9, 3036. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.03036
Osimani, A., Garofalo, C., Aquilanti, L., Milanovic, V., Cardinali, F., Taccari, M., Pasquini, M., Tavoletti, S. and Clementi, F. (2017) Transferable Antibiotic Resistances in Marketed Edible Grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides). Journal of Food Science, 82, 1184-1192. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13700
Vandeweyer, D., Milanovic, V., Garofalo, C., Osimani, A., Clementi, F., Van Campenhout, L. and Aquilanti, L. (2019) Real-Time PCR Detection and Quantification of Selected Transferable Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Fresh Edible Insects from Belgium and the Netherlands. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 290, 288-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.027
Yen, A.L. (2010) Edible Insects and Other Invertebrates in Australia: Future Prospects. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V. and Leslie, R.N., Eds., Edible Forest Insect: Human Bite Back. Proceedings of a Workshop on Asia-Pacific Resources and Their Potential for Development, Bangkok, 65-84.
Van Huis, A. (2013) Potential of Insects as Food and Feed in Assuring Food Security. Annual Review of Entomology, 58, 563-583. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153704
Mpuchane, S., Gashe, B.A., Allotey, J., Siame, B., Teferra, G. and Ditlhogo, M. (2000) Quality Deterioration of Phane, the Edible Caterpillar of an Emperor Moth Imbrasia belina. Food Control, 11, 453-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-7135(00)00010-4
Federighi, M. (2015) HACCP Method: A Practical Approach. Techniques de l’Ingénieur, November, 1-16. https://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/base-documentaire/mesures-analyses-th1/securite-au -laboratoire-42378210/methode-haccp-approche-pragmatique-sl6210/