AGN Singularities and Jets Modelled with the Superstar Scenario

Abstract

In this paper we present solutions with the superstar scenario for the problems of singularity and the relativistic jet in AGN (Active Galactic Nuclei) based on supermassive black hole with singularity. The five-zone structure of superstar from inside to outside consists of the Singularity-Free Superstar Core (SC), the short-range repulsive super force field (SFF) near the event horizon, the superstar lepton sphere (SLS) containing infalling leptons (electron-positron pairs), the superstar ergosphere (SE), and the superstar accretion disk (SAD). As in the Meissner effect in superconductor, the short-range SFF repulses leptons in the SLS preventing singularity, while infalling leptons from the SAD and the SE continue to enter the SLS through the strong gravity of the SC. When the density at the bottom of the SLS reaches the critical density, leptons fall into the SC with the corresponding size increase of the SC to prevent singularity. Without further infalling leptons, the short-range repulsive force from the SFF disintegrates the SLS into the SLS plasma fragments (electron-positron pair plasma), detaching from the SC. Some SLS plasma fragments in the SAD generate the broad relativistic SAD jet, and some SLS plasma fragments in the SE generate the coincident narrow relativistic SE jet. In this two-jet model (the origin of the spine-sheath jet structure), protected by the SAD jet, the fast and narrow SE jet inside the slow and broad SAD jet generates the VHE (very high energy ≥ 100 GeV) Synchrotron Self Compton (SSC) gamma-ray emission without the attenuation by the photons in the BLR (broad line region) of flat spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ). In conclusion, AGN based on supermassive superstar provide the solutions for singularity, VHE gamma-ray emissions in FSRQs and FR1 type radio galaxies, AGN jet structure, and AGN jet type.