Acute Normalization of Thyroxine Induced Hallucinations and Delusions
- 1 Medical Center, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- 2 Saginuma Park Clinic, Kawasaki, Japan
Abstract
The association between disorders of thyroid function and psychiatric symptoms is well established. Generally, hypo-thyroidism is recognized as being able to induce psychotic symptoms. However, psychotic symptoms without affective and cognitive disturbances are rare in hyperthyroidism. We presented a patient with Graves’ disease who suffered from delusions and hallucinations without affective and cognitive disturbances following abrupt normalization of thyroid function. Furthermore, the patient was clinically and biochemically euthyroid when the psychotic symptoms developed. There was resolution of psychotic symptoms in this case. It is suggested that the abrupt change of thyroxine may cause susceptible individuals to become transient psychotic state.
- P. T. Trzepacz, I. Klein , M. Roberts, J. Greeahouse and G. S. Lerey, “Greaves’ Disease: An analysis of thyroid hormone levels and hyperthyroid sign and symptoms”, American Journal of Medicine , Vol. 87, No. 5, 1989, pp. 558-561.
- R. A. Stern, B. Robinson, A. R. Thorner, J. E. Arruda, M. L. Prohaska and A. J. Prange Jr., “ A survey study of neuropsychiatric complaints in patients with Graves’ disease”, Journal of Neuropsychiatry, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1996, pp. 181-185
- P. C. Whybrow and A. J. Prange Jr., “A hypothesis of thyroid-catecholamine-receptor interaction: Its relevance to affective illness”, Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 38, 1981, pp. 106-113
- K. D. Denicoff, R. T. Joffe, M. C. Lakshmanan, J. Robbinset and D. R. Robinowal, “Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Altered Thyroid State”, American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 147, No. 1, 1990, pp. 147:94-99.
- A. J. White and B. Barraclough, “thyroid disease and mental illness: A study of thyroid disease in psychiatric admissions”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1988, pp. 99-106
- R. P. Roca, M. R. Blackman, M.B. Ackerley, S.M. Harman, and R.I. Gregerman, “Thyroid hormone elevations during acute psychiatric illness: Relationship to severity and distinction from hyperthyroidism”, Endocrine Research, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1990, pp. 415-447
- S. Benvenga, D. Lapa, and F. Trimarchi “Don’t forget the thyroid in the etiology of psychoses”, American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 115, 2003, pp. 159-160
- K. Katsigiannopoulos, E. Georgiadou, P. Pazarlis, A, Karastergiou, G. Papazisis, V. Bo-zikas and G. Garyfallos, “Psychotic disorder as a manifestation of Graves’ disease”, Psychosomatics, Vol. 51, No. 5, 2010, pp. 449-450
- P. D. Bewher, A. Q. Gardiner, A. J. Hedley and H. C. S. Maclean, “Psychosis after acute alteration of thyroid status”, Psychological Medicine, No. 1, 1971 ,pp. 260-262
- R. Irwin , p. M. Ellis and J. Delahunt, “Psychosis following acute alteration of thyroid status”, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 32, No. 5, 1997, pp. 67-71.
- T. Snabboon, A. Khemkha, C. Chaiyaumporn, D. Lalitanantpong and V. Sridama, “Psychosis as the first presentation of hyper-thyroidism”, Internal and Emergency Medicine, Vol.4, 2009, pp359-360
- G. Manian, E. A. Nica, and B. E. Ionescu, “Hyperthyroidism cause of depression and psychosis: A case report”, Journal of Medicine and Life, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2009, pp. 440-442