Purpose : To compare the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status in women with preeclampsia and normal pregnancy in our environment . Materials & Methods : This was a 3 - year, cross - sectional, case control study of 100 preeclamptic and 200 normotensive pregnant women at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by our Institutional Ethical Re view Committee and all participants gave their consent. The fasting serum of recruited patients were analysed for Malondialdehyde (MDA) with rapid, sensitive and specific Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) assay, while the Total Anti oxidant status (TAS) was determined using the capacity of the biological fluids to inhibit the production of thiobarbi turic acid reactive substances (TBARS) from sodium benzoate under the influence of the free oxygen radicals derived from Fenton ’ s reaction. Results : The mean serum MDA was significantly higher in the preeclamptic group (2.96 nmol/ mL) than the value recorded (1.23 nmol/mL) in the control group (P = 0.0001). Conversely, significantly lower mean TAS (0.46 nmol/mL vs 0.62 nmol/mL) was noticed in the preeclamptic group (P = 0.0001) . Conclusion: The study showed significant increase in lipid peroxidation and failure of compensatory antioxidant functions in preeclamptic pregnant Nigerian women.
ACOG Technical Bulletin, “Management of Preeclampsia,” No. 91, Committee on Technical Bulletins of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington DC, 1986.
G. Igberase and P. Ebeigbe, “Eclampsia: Ten-Year of Experience in a Rural Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta, Nigeria,” Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 26, No. 5, 2006, pp. 414-417. doi:10.1080/01443610600720113
Y. M. Adamu, H. M. Salihu, N. Sathiakumar and G. R. Alexander, “Maternal Mortality in Northern Nigeria: A Population-Based Study,” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Vol. 109, No. 2, 2003, pp. 153-159. doi:10.1016/S0301-2115(03)00009-5.
J. I. Ikechebelu and C. C. Okoli, “Review of Eclampsia at the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi (January 1996-December 2000),” Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2002, pp. 287-290. doi:10.1080/01443610220130580
S. O. Onuh and A. O. Aisien, “Maternal and Fetal Outcome in Eclamptic Patients in Benin City, Nigeria,” Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 24, No. 7, 2004, pp. 765-768. doi:10.1080/01443610400009451
J. U. E. Onakewhor and E. P. Gharoro, “Changing Trends in Maternal Mortality in a Developing Country,” Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2008, pp. 111-120.
A. N. Onyiriuka and A. AOkolo, “Perinatal Outcome in Patients with Pre-Eclampsia in Benin City, Nigeria,” Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2004, pp. 148-152.
L. Duley, “Pre-Eclampsia and the Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy,” British Medical Bulletin, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2003, pp. 161-176. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldg005
C. A. Hubel, “Dyslipidemia, Iron, and Oxidative Stress in Preeclampsia: Assessment of Maternal and Feto-Placental Interactions,” Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1998, pp. 75-92. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1016255
H. Laivuori, R. Kaaja, U. Turpeinen, L. Viinikka and O. Ylikorkala, “Plasma Homocysteine Levels Elevated and Inversely Related to Insulin Sensitivity in Preeclampsia,” Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 93, No. 4, 1999, pp. 489-493. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00527-4.
G. P. Sacks, K. Studena, K. Sargent and C. W. Redman, “Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia Both Produce Inflammatory Changes in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Akin to Those of Sepsis,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 179, No. 1, 1998, pp. 80-86. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70254-6.
Oxidative Stress, Wikipedia Foundation Inc., 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stress
D. Wickens, M. H. Wilikins, J. Lunce, G. Ball and T. L. Dormandy, “Free Radical Oxidation Products in Normal and Abnormal Pregnancy,” Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1998, pp. 158-162.
A. K. Poranen, U. Ekblad, P. Uotila and M. Ahotupa, “Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidants in Normal and Preeclamptic Pregnancies,” Placenta, Vol. 17, 1996, pp. 401-405. doi:10.1016/S0143-4004(96)90021-1.
J. M. Roberts, R. N. Taylor, T. J. Musci, G. M. Rodgers, C. A. Hubel and M. K. Mclaughlin, “Pre-Eclampsia: An Endothelial Cell Disorder,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 161, No. 5, 1989, pp. 1200-1204.
J. M. Roberts and C. A. Hubel, “Oxidative Stress in Preeclampsia,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 190, No. 5, 2004, pp. 1177-1178. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.04.001
A. Barden, J. Ritchie, B. Walters, C. Michael, J. Rivera, T. Mori, K. Croft and L. Beilin, “Study of Plasma Factors Associated with Neutrophil Activation and Lipid Peroxidation in Preeclampsia,” Hypertension, Vol. 38, No. 4, 2001, pp. 8003-8008. doi:10.1161/hy1101.092969.
N. A. Botsuglou, “Rapid, Sensitive and Specific Thiobarbituric Acid Method for Measuring Lipid Peroxidation in Animal Tissue Food and Feedstuff Samples,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 42, No. 9, 1994, pp. 1993-1997.
D. Koracevic, G. Koracevic, V. Djordjevic, S. Andrejevic and V. Cosic, “Method for the Measurement of Antioxidant Activity in Human Fluids,” Journal of Clinical Pathology, Vol. 54, No. 5, 2001, pp. 356-361. doi:10.1136/jcp.54.5.356.
K. O. Osungbade and O. K. Ige, “Public Health Perspectives of Preeclampsia in Developing Countries: Implication for Health System Strengthening,” Journal of Pregnancy, Vol. 2011, 2011, Article ID: 481095.
G. Bayhan, Y. Atamer, A. Atamer, et al., “Significance of Changes in Lipid Peroxides and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia and Eclampsia,” Clinical & Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 27, 2000, pp. 142-146.
E. M. El-Salahy, M. I. Ahmed, A. El-Gharieb, et al., “New Scope in Angiogenesis: Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), NO, Lipid Peroxidation, and Vitamin E in the Pathophysiology of Pre-Eclampsia among Egyptian Females,” Clinical Biochemistry, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2001, pp. 323-329. doi:10.1016/S0009-9120(01)00230-2.
J. Kornacki, J. Kozlik, M. Dubiel, et al., “Estimation of Oxidative Stress and Its Correlation with Uterine Arteries Doppler Velocimetry in Women with Preeclampsia,” Ginekologia Polska, Vol. 75, 2004, pp. 681-691 (in Polish).
Y. Atamer, Y. Kocyigit, B. Yokus, et al., “Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant Defense, Status of Trace Metals and Leptin Levels in Preeclampsia,” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Vol. 119, No. 1, 2005, pp. 60-66. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.06.033
R. S. Bowen, J. Moodley, M. F. Dutton, et al., “Oxidative Stress in Pre-Eclampsia,” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, Vol. 80, No. 8, 2001, pp. 719-725. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.080008719.x
F. Diedrich, A. Renner, W. Rath, et al., “Lipid Hydroperoxides and Free Radical Scavenging Enzyme Activities in Preeclampsia and HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelet Count) Syndrome: No Evidence for Circulating Primary Products of Lipid Peroxidation,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 185, No. 1, 2001, pp. 166-172. doi:10.1067/mob.2001.115281
M. T. Raijmakers, B. J. van Tits, H. L. Hak-Lemmers, et al., “Low Plasma Levels of Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein in Preeclampsia,” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, Vol. 93, 2004, pp. 1173-1177. doi:10.1080/j.0001-6349.2004.00539.x
Z. H. Howlader, Y. Kabir, T. A. Khan, R. Islam, F. Begum and F. G. Huffman, “Plasma Lipid Profile, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in Preeclamptic and Uncomplicated Pregnancies in Bangladesh,” Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 8, 2007, pp. 1276-1282. doi:10.3923/jms.2007.1276.1282.
R. Begum, “Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in Preeclampsia,” Journal of Enam Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2011, pp. 56-59.
J. Nnodim, A. Ihim and H. I. Uduji, “Alterations in Antioxidants Enzymes and Malondialdehyde Status in Preeclampsia,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2012, pp. S750-S752.
J. A. Spinnato 2nd, S. Freire, E. Pinto, J. L. Silva, et al., “Antioxidant Therapy to Prevent Preeclampsia: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 110, No. 6, 2007, pp. 1311-1318.
M. Boulvain, “Antioxidants for Preventing Preeclampsia: RHL Commentary,” The WHO Reproductive Library, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 2008.