Relationship of Pre-Existing Maternal/Caregiver Acute Respiratory Infection in the Pattern and Risk of Acute Respiratory Infection among Infants in Rivers State, Nigeria
- 1 Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
- 2 Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
- 3 Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
- 4 Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
- 5 Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
- 6 University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- 7 Rivers State Primary Health Care Management Board, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Abstract
History of upper respiratory tract infection in the mother or siblings was associated with higher risk of acute lower respiratory tract infection in cases. Most upper respiratory tract infections were caused by viral pathogens and likely to occur in many members of the family. The study aimed to determine the existence and pattern of relationship between risk of acute respiratory infection (ARI) among infants and exposure to pre-existing maternal/caregiver acute respiratory tract infection. The study was designed as a community-based Nested case-control study of 1100 infants randomly selected from 12 communities out of 6 Local Government Areas of the 3 senatorial districts of Rivers State. A multistage random sampling technique was used in selecting the subjects up to the community level. Descriptive method was used to represent the characteristics of the subjects and the differences in ARI between exposed and unexposed infants were tested in a bivariate logistics regression at 5% level of significance. Odds ratio (OR) was used to interpret the size effect measures of ARI on exposure to pre-existing maternal/caregiver ARI differences. A total of 275 Cases of ARI and 825 controls were included in the study. Among exposed infants (N = 104), ARI cases were found to be higher n = 80 (76.9%) than in control n = 24 (23.1%). Whereas, among unexposed infants N = 991, ARI cases were found to be lower n = 195 (19.7%) than in control n = 796 (80.3%). For the exposed infants, the odds for ARI were 13.5 times significantly higher compared to those of their unexposed counterparts (OR-Unadjusted = 13.52, (p < 0.0001, 95% CI = 0.047 - 0.121)). The findings will widen the horizon in the etiological consideration of ARI among infants vis-à-vis exposure potential to pre-existing maternal/caregiver ARI via nursing care. Therefore, community-based sensitization programme on barrier nursing care techniques and personal hygiene practices should be on focus.
- WHO (1991) Technical Basis for WHO Recommendations on the Management of Pneumonia in Children at First Level Health Facilities. WHO/ARI/91.20 Geneva, World Health Organization, Geneva.
- Lal, S., Adarsh and Pankaj (2010) Textbook of Community Medicine, Preventive and Social Medicine. 2nd Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors PVT. Ltd., New Delhi.
- Centre for Disease Control (2012) Definition of Epidemiology. Office of Public Health Scientific Services; Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services; Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development. http://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section1.html
- Maharaj, D. (2014) Fever in Pregnancy. E-Sun Technologies, Inc. 2010-2014. http://www.antimicrobe.org/e42.asp
- Glezen, W.P., Greenberg, S.B., Atmar, R.L., Piedra, P.A. and Couch, R.B. (2000) Impact of Respiratory Virus Infections on Persons with Chronic Underlying Conditions. JAMA, 283, 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.4.499
- Li, G., Yilmaz, M., Kojicic, M., et al. (2009) Outcome of Critically Ill Patients with Influenza. Journal of Clinical Virology, 46, 275-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2009.07.015
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews (2003) Importance of Respiratory Viruses in Acute Otitis Media. http://www.Google.Internet//Tips
- Tregoning, J.S. and Schwarze, J. (2010) Respiratory Viral Infections in Infants: Cause, Clinical Symptoms, Virology, and Immunology. Clinical Microbiology Review, 23, 74-98. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00032-09
- Nascimento, M.S., Souza, A.V., Ferreira, A.V., Rodrigues, J.C., Abramovici, S. and Silva Filho, L.V. (2010) High Rate of Viral Identification and Coinfections in Infants with Acute Bronchiolitis. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 65, 1133-1137. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010001100014
- Razanajatovo, N.H., Richard, V., Hoffmann, J., Reynes, J.M., Razafitrimo, G.M. and Randremanana, R.V. (2011) Viral Etiology of Influenza-Likeillnesses in Antananarivo, Madagascar, July 2008 to June 2009. PLoS One, 6, e17579. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017579
- Zou, L., Zhou, J., Li, H., Wu, J., Mo, Y. and Chen, Q. (2012) Human Adenovirus Infection in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Disease in Guangzhou. China APMIS, 120, 683-688. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02890.x
- Phoehling, K.A., Szilagyi, P.G., Staat, M.A., et al. (2011) Impact of Maternal Immunization on Influenza Hospitalizations in Infants. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 204, 5141-5148.