Objective: To study the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and serotonin transporter promoter (5-HTTLPR) gene polymorphism in Han children in Hainan; to explore the genetic mechanism of PTSD in children. Methods: 50 patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and healthy children in Han nationality in Hainan were selected. Detection of 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism, the genotype and allele frequencies were analyzed using a case-control association analysis method. Results: There were 4, 14 and 32 cases of LL, SL and SS in the post-traumatic stress disorder group of Hainan Han children, and 13, 20 and 17 cases in the control group. From the perspective of gene frequency, the L gene of post-traumatic stress disorder appeared 22.0%, and S appeared 78.0%. In the control group, L appeared 46.0%, and S appeared 54.0%. There were significant differences in genotype and gene frequency (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism in Hainan Han children may be associated with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Geronazzo-Alman, L., Fan, B., Duarte, C.S., et al. (2019) The Distinctiveness of Grief, Depression, and Posttraumatic Stress: Lessons from Children after 9/11. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.12.012
Silwal, S., et al. (2019) Parental Immigration and Offspring Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Nationwide Population-Based Register Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 249, 294-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.002
Fredman, S.J., et al. (2019) Parents’ PTSD Symptoms and Child Abuse Potential during the Perinatal Period: Direct Associations and Mediation via Relationship Conflict. Child Abuse & Neglect, 90, 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.024
Carmassi, M., Corsi, C.A., Bertelloni, V., Pedrinelli, G., et al. (2019) Post-Traumatic Stress and Major Depressive Disorders in Parent Caregivers of Children with a Chronic Disorder. Psychiatry Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.062
Auxéméry, Y. (2012) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a Consequence of the Interaction between an Individual Genetic Susceptibility, a Traumatogenic Event and a Social Context. L’Encephale, 38, 373-380.
Agorastos, A., et al. (2019) Relations of Combat Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder to 24-h Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Interleukin-6 Levels and Circadian Rhythmicity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 100, 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.009
Motz, T.A. and Currie, C.L. (2019) Racially-Motivated Housing Discrimination Experienced by Indigenous Postsecondary Students in Canada: Impacts on PTSD Symptomology and Perceptions of University Stress. Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.12.011
Nelson, S., Conroy, C. and Logan, D. (2019) The Biopsychosocial Model of Pain in the Context of Pediatric Burn Injuries. European Journal of Pain (London, England), 23, 421-434. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1319
Karam, E.G., et al. (2019) Role of Childhood Adversities and Environmental Sensitivity in the Development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in War-Exposed Syrian Refugee Children and Adolescents. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 214, 354-360.
Xie, P., Kranzler, H.R., Poling, J., Stein, M.B., et al. (2009) Interactive Effect of Stressful Life Events and the Serotonin Transporter 5-HTTLPR Genotype on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis in 2 Independent Populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 1201-1209. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.153
Walsh, K., et al. (2014) Associations between the SS Variant of 5-HTTLPR and PTSD among Adults with Histories of Childhood Emotional Abuse: Results from Two African American Independent Samples. Journal of Affective Disorders, 161, 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.043
Smolka, M.N., et al. (2019) Smoking Moderates Association of 5-HTTLPR and in Vivo Availability of Serotonin Transporters. European Neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 171-178.
Xie, P., et al. (2009) Interactive Effect of Stressful Life Events and the Serotonin Transporter 5-HTTLPR Genotype on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis in 2 Independent Populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 1201-1209. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.153
La Greca, A.M., et al. (2013) Children’s Risk and Resilience Following a Natural Disaster: Genetic Vulnerability, Posttraumatic Stress, and Depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 860-867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.024
Shan, L., Guo, H.-Y., Corina, N.A.M., et al. (2018) Impaired Fear Extinction in Serotonin Transporter Knockout Rats Is Associated with Increased 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in the Amygdala. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 24, 810-819. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.12822
Schipper, P., Henckens, M.J.A.G., et al. (2018) Acute Inescapable Stress Alleviates fear Extinction Recall Deficits Caused by Serotonin Transporter Abolishment. Behavioural Brain Research, 346, 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.009
Liu, L., et al. (2018) Serotonin Transporter 5-HTTLPR Genotype Is Associated with Intrusion and Avoidance Symptoms of DSM-5 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Chinese Earthquake Survivors. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 31, 318-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1420174
Laplante, D.P., Simcock, G., et al. (2018) The 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism of the Serotonin Transporter Gene and Child’s Sex Moderate the Relationship between Disaster-Related Prenatal Maternal Stress and Autism Spectrum Disorder Traits: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study. Development and Psychopathology, 1-15.
Navarro-Mateu, F., et al. (2013) Meta-Analyses of the 5-HTTLPR Polymorphisms and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. PLoS ONE, 8, e66227. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066227
Bryant, R.A., et al. (2010) Preliminary Evidence of the Short Allele of the Serotonin Transporter Gene Predicting Poor Response to Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 1217-1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.016
Gressier, F., et al. (2013) The 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 645-653. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21855
Luis, J.-T., et al. (2019) 5-HTTLPR-Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Gene Interactions and Early Adverse Life Events Effect on iMpulsivity in Suicide Attempters. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry: The Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 20, 137-149.
Grabe, H.J., et al. (2009) Serotonin Transporter Gene (SLC6A4) Promoter Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the General Population. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 926-933.
Grabe, H.J., et al. (2012) Moderation of Adult Depression by the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Variant (5-HTTLPR), Childhood Abuse and Adult Traumatic Events in a General Population Sample. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics: The Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 159B, 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32027
Koenen, K.C., et al. (2009) Modification of the Association between Serotonin Transporter Genotype and Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults by County-Level Social Environment. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169, 704-711. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn397
Zhang, Y., Ming, Q.-S., Yi, J.-Y., et al. (2017) Gene-Gene-Environment Interactions of Serotonin Transporter, Monoamine Oxidase A and Childhood Maltreatment Predict Aggressive Behavior in Chinese Adolescents. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 17.
Grabe, H.J., Spitzer, C. and Schwahn, C. (2009) Serotonin Transporter Gene (SLC6A4) Promoter Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the General Population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 926-933. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08101542