The inception of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has brought convenience into many lives with uninterrupted wireless network. The nodes that transmit data consist of heterogeneous and battery equipped sensor nodes (SNs) that are deployed randomly for network surveillance. To manage the random deployment of nodes, clustering algorithms are used with efficient routing protocols. This results in aggregation and dropping of redundant data packets that enables flawless data transmission from cluster nodes to Base Station (BS) via Cluster Heads (CHs). In this paper, a dynamic and multi-hop clustering and routing protocol for thorough behavior analysis is proposed, taking distance and energy into consideration. This forms a smooth routing path from the cluster nodes, CHs, Sub-CHs to the BS. On comparing proposed process with the existing system, experimental analysis shows a significant enhancement in the performance of network lifetime, with improved data aggregation, throughput, as the protocol showing deterministic behavior while traversing the network for data transmission, we name this protocol as Multi-hop Deterministic energy efficient Routing protocol (MDR).
Xu, J., Jin, N., Lou, X., Peng, T., Zhou, Q. and Chen, Y. (2012) Improvement of LEACH Protocol for WSN. 2012 9th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, Chongqing, 29-31 May 2012, 2174-2177. https://doi.org/10.1109/FSKD.2012.6233907
Stojčev, M.K., Kosanović, M.R. and Golubović, L.R. (2009) Power Management and Energy Harvesting Techniques for Wireless Sensor Nodes. 2009 9th International Conference on Telecommunication in Modern Satellite, Cable, and Broadcasting Services, Nis, 7-9 October 2009, 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1109/TELSKS.2009.5339410
Mamun, Q. (2012) A Qualitative Comparison of Different Logical Topologies for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors (Basel), 12, 14887-14913. https://doi.org/10.3390/s121114887
Barrenetxea, G., Ingelrest, F., Schaefer, G. and Vetterli, M. (2008) Wireless Sensor Networks for Environmental Monitoring: The SensorScope Experience. 2008 IEEE International Zurich Seminar on Communications, Zürich, 12-14 March 2008, 98-101. https://doi.org/10.1109/IZS.2008.4497285
Kumar, P., Singh, M. and Triar, U. (2012) A Review of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 1, 1.
Diamond, D., Coyle, S., Scarmagnani, S. and Hayes, J. (2008) Wireless Sensor Networks and Chemo-/Biosensing. Chemical Reviews, 108, 652-679. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0681187
Tan, H.Ö. and Körpeoğlu, I. (2003) Power Efficient Data Gathering and Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks. SIGMOD Record, 32, 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1145/959060.959072
Dunkels, A., Alonso, J. and Voigt, T. (2003) Making TCP/IP Viable for Wireless Sensor Networks.
De Souza, L., Vogt, H. and Beigl, M. (2007) A Survey on Fault Tolerance in Wireless Sensor Networks. Internal Report, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe.
Kakamanshadi, G., Gupta, S. and Singh, S. (2015) A Survey on Fault Tolerance Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks. 2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things, Greater Noida, 8-10 October 2015, 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380451
Antonopoulos, C., Prayati, A., Stoyanova, T., Koulamas, C. and Papadopoulos, G. (2009) Experimental Evaluation of a WSN Platform Power Consumption. 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel Distributed Processing, Rome, 23-29 May 2009, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPDPS.2009.5161185
Prayati, A., Antonopoulos, Ch., Stoyanova, T., Koulamas, C. and Papadopoulos, G. (2010) A Modeling Approach on the TelosB WSN Platform Power Consumption. Journal of Systems and Software, 83, 1355-1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2010.01.015
Yuan, F., Zhan, Y. and Wang, Y. (2014) Data Density Correlation Degree Clustering Method for Data Aggregation in WSN. IEEE Sensors Journal, 14, 1089-1098. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2013.2293093
Al-Karaki, J.N., Ul-Mustafa, R. and Kamal, A.E. (2004) Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks—Exact and Approximate Algorithms. 2004 Workshop on High Performance Switching and Routing, Phoenix, April 2004, 241-245.
Bhuyan, B., Deva Sarma, H., Sarma, N., Avijit, K. and Mall, R. (2010) Quality of Service (QoS) Provisions in Wireless Sensor Networks and Related Challenges. Wireless Sensor Network, 2, 861-868. https://doi.org/10.4236/wsn.2010.211104
Dhurandher, S., Misra, S., Obaidat, M. and Gupta, N. (2009) An Ant Colony Optimization Approach for Reputation and Quality-of-Service-Based Security in Wireless Sensor Networks. Security and Communication Networks, 2, 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1002/sec.75
Youssef, W. and Younis, M. (2007) Intelligent Gateways Placement for Reduced Data Latency in Wireless Sensor Networks. 2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Glasgow, 24-28 June 2007, 3805-3810. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2007.627
Kacimi, R., Dhaou, R. and Beylot, A.-L. (2013) Load Balancing Techniques for Lifetime Maximizing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 11, 2172-2186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2013.04.009
Xu, K., Hassanein, H., Takahara, G. and Wang, Q. (2010) Relay Node Deployment Strategies in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 9, 145-159. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2009.105
Poe, W.Y. and Schmitt, J.B. (2009) Node Deployment in Large Wireless Sensor Networks: Coverage, Energy Consumption, and Worst-Case Delay. Asian Internet Engineering Conference, New York, November 2009, 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1145/1711113.1711127
Zamora, N., Philco, O. and Estupiñan, E. (2019) The Performance of QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks. 2019 14th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), Coimbra, June 2019, 1-5.
Singh, S., Singh, M., Singh, D. and Leo, A. (2010) Energy Efficient Homogenous Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks, 2, 49. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2010.2304
Liu, X. (2012) A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors (Basel), 12, 11113-11153. https://doi.org/10.3390/s120811113
Kaur, R., Sharma, D. and Kaur, N. (2013) Comparative Analysis of Leach and Its Descendant Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network. International Journal of P2P Network Trends and Technology, 3, 6.
Patel, R., Kumar, D. and Aseri, T. (2011) EECDA: Energy Efficient Clustering and Data Aggregation Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Computers, 6, 113-124. https://doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2011.1.2206
Kuila, P. and Jana, P.K. (2012) Energy Efficient Load-Balanced Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. Procedia Technology, 6, 771-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2012.10.093
Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A. and Balakrishnan, H. (2000) Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, Vol. 1, 10.
Younis, O. and Fahmy, S. (2004) Distributed Clustering in Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks: A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient Approach. IEEE INFOCOM 2004, Hong Kong, Vol. 1, 629-640.
Parmar, A. and Thakkar, A. (2014) An Improved Modified LEACH-C Algorithm for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks.
Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A. and Balakrishnan, H. (2002) An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Micro-Sensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 1, 660-670. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2002.804190
Bharti, A., Devi, C. and Bhatia, V. (2015) Enhanced Energy Efficient LEACH (EEE-LEACH) Algorithm Using MIMO for Wireless Sensor Network. 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC), Madurai, December 2015, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCIC.2015.7435802
Anjali, A. and Garg, S. (2015) Distance Adaptive Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network (DAPTEEN) Protocol in WSN. 2015 International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC), Waknaghat, September 2015, 114-119. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCC.2015.7375008
Singh, A., Rathkanthiwar, S. and Kakde, S. (2016) Energy Efficient Routing of WSN Using Particle Swarm Optimization and V-LEACH Protocol. 2016 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), Melmaruvathur, 6-8 April 2016, 2078-2082. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSP.2016.7754544
Sivakumar, P. and Radhika, M. (2018) Performance Analysis of LEACH-GA over LEACH and LEACH-C in WSN. Procedia Computer Science, 125, 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.12.034