Possible Multiple Sources of the Strong 1117 Po Plain Earthquake, Inferred from the Plio-Quaternary Evolution of the Northern Adriatic Area — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Possible Multiple Sources of the Strong 1117 Po Plain Earthquake, Inferred from the Plio-Quaternary Evolution of the Northern Adriatic Area
Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
,
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale—OGS, Trieste, Italy
,
Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
,
Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
,
Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
1 Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
2 Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale—OGS, Trieste, Italy
3 Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
4 Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
5 Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
The strongest documented seismic disaster ever occurred in the Po Plain area (January 3, 1117, M = 6.5) involved significant damage over a large zone. The genetic mechanism of such an event, most probably caused by more than one earthquake, is still an object of debate. Above all, the sources so far proposed cannot account for significant features of the observed macroseismic field. In this work, we suggest that the damage in the Verona zone was caused by the activation of a fault in the Lessini tectonic district, while damage in the central Po Plain may be related to a thrust fault located beneath the Giudicarie belt. The effects felt in northern Tuscany might derive from the seismic activ ation of the pre sumed SW-ward buried prolongation of the Giudicarie fault. The presence of such transpressional lithospheric discontinuity in the Adriatic domain since the upper Miocene and its reactivation (Pliocene-Pleistocene ) as a thrust zone is mainly suggested by an accurate analysis of the observed deformation pattern in the central Mediterranean region. The proposed Giudicarie source may also help to explain the damage observed in the central Po Plain on December 25, 1222, which is not compatible with the seismic sources so far proposed.
Magri, G. and Molin, D. (1986) I terremoti del 3 gennaio 1117 e del 25 dicembre 1222, rapporto ENEA. RTIPAS-ISP-GEOL LO, 86.
Galli, P. (2005) I terremoti del gennaio 1117. Ipotesi di un epicentro nel Cremonese. Il Quaternario, 18, 87-100.
Guidoboni, E., Comastri, A. and Boschi, E. (2005) The “Exceptional” Earthquake of 3 January 1117 in the Verona Area (Northern Italy): A Critical Time Review and Detection of Two Lost Earthquakes (Lower Germany and Tuscany). Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, B12309. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003683
Guidoboni, E., Ferrari, G., Mariotti, D., Comastri, A., Tarabusi, G., Sgattoni, G. and Valensise, G. (2018) CFTI5Med, Catalogo dei Forti Terremoti in Italia (461 a.C.-1997) e nell’area Mediterranea (760 a.C.-1500). Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV).
Guidoboni, E. and Comastri, A. (2005) Catalogue of Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Area from the 11th to the 15th Century. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma.
Locati, M., Camassi, R., Rovida, A., Ercolani, E., Bernardini, F., Castelli, V., Caracciolo, C.H., Tertulliani, A., Rossi, A., Azzaro, R., D’Amico, S., Conte, S., Rocchetti, E. and Antonucci, A. (2019) Database Macrosismico Italiano (DBMI15), Versione 2.0. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV).
Rovida, A., Locati, M., Camassi, R., Lolli, B. and Gasperini, P. (2019) Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani (CPTI15), versione 2.0. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV).
Vannoli, P., Burrato, P. and Valensise, G. (2015) The Seismotectonics of the Po Plain (Northern Italy): Tectonic Diversity in a Blind Faulting Domain. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 172, 1105-1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0873-0
DISS Working Group (2018) Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), Version 3.2.1: A Compilation of Potential Sources for Earthquakes Larger than M 5.5 in Italy and Surrounding Areas. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV).
Burrato, P., Ciucci, F. and Valensise, G. (2003) An Inventory of River Anomalies in the Po Plain, Northern Italy: Evidence for Active Blind Thrust Faulting. Annals of Geophysics, 46, 865-882.
Viti, M., Mantovani, E., Babbucci, D., Tamburelli, C. and Cenni, N. (2016) Seismotectonics of the Padanian Region and Surrounding Belts: Which Driving Mechanism? International Journal of Geosciences, 7, 1412-1451. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2016.712100
Slejko, D., Carulli, G.B., Nicolich, R., Rebez, A., Zanferrari, A., Cavallin, A., Doglioni, C., Carraro, F., Castaldini, D., Iliceto, V., Semenza, E. and Zanolla, C. (1989) Seismotectonics of the Eastern Southern-Alps: A Review. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata, 31, 109-136.
Bigi, G., Cosentino, D., Parotto, M., Sartori, R. and Scandone, P. (1990) Structural Model of Italy, 1:500000, CNR, Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica. Selca, Firenze.
Castellarin, A., Vai, G.B. and Cantelli, L. (2006) The Alpine Evolution of the Southern Alps around the Giudicarie Faults: A Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene Transfer Zone. Tectonophysics, 414, 203-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.10.019
Scardia, G., Festa, A., Monegato, G., Pini, R., Rogledi, S., Tremolada, F. and Galadini, F. (2015) Evidence for Late Alpine Tectonics in the Lake Garda Area (Northern Italy) and Seismogenic Implications. GSA Bulletin, 127, 113-130. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30990.1
Turrini, C., Bisica, B., Ryan, P., Shiner, P., Lacombe, O. and Roure, F. (2018) 3D Structural and Thermal Modeling of Mesozoic Petroleum System in the Po Valley, Northern Italy. Petroleum Geoscience, 24, 172-196. https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2017-031
Brancolini, G., Civile, D., Donda, F., Tosi, L., Zecchin, M., Volpi, V., Rossi, G., Sandron, D., Matilde Ferrante, G. and Forlin, E. (2019) New Insights on the Adria Plate Geodynamics from the Northern Adriatic Perspective. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 109, 687-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.06.049
Galadini, F., Galli, P., Cittadini, A. and Giaccio, B. (2001) Late Quaternary Fault Movements in the Mt. Baldo-Lessini Mts. Sector of the SoutAlpine Area (Northern Italy). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 80, 187-208. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016774600023830
Galadini, F., Poli, M.E. and Zanferrari, A. (2005) Seismogenic Sources Potentially Responsible for Earthquakes with M ≥ 6 in the Eastern Southern Alps (Thiene-Udine Sector, NE Italy). Geophysical Journal International, 161, 739-762. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02571.x
Rogledi, S. (2010) Assetto strutturale delle unità alpine nella pianura tra il lago d’Iseo e il Garda. Presentazione al Convegno “Rischio sismico nella Pianura Padana”, Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali, Brescia, 24 Novembre 2010. http://ingegneriasismica.org/it/structural-setting-of-the-central-po-plain
Galadini, F. and Galli, P. (2001) Archaeoseismology in Italy: Case Studies and Implications on Long-Term Seismicity. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 5, 35-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460109350385
Sugan, M. and Peruzza, L. (2011) Distretti sismici del Veneto. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata, 52, s3-s90.
Zanferrari, A., Bollettinari, G., Carobene, L., Carton, A., Carulli, G.B., Castaldini, D., Cavallin, A., Panizza, M., Pellegrini, G.B., Pianetti, F. and Sauro, U. (1982) Evoluzione neotettonica dell’Italia nord-orientale. Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, 35, 355-376.
Zampieri, D. (2000) Segmentation and Linkage of the Lessini Mountains Normal Faults, Southern Alps, Italy. Tectonophysics, 319, 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00025-1
Viganò, A., Bressan, G., Ranalli, G. and Martin, S. (2008) Focal Mechanism Inversion in the Giudicarie-Lessini Seismotectonic Region (Southern Alps, Italy): Insights on Tectonic Stress and Strain. Tectonophysics, 460, 106-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.07.008
Sauro, U. and Zampieri, D. (2001) Evidence of Recent Surface Faulting and Surface Rupture in the Fore-Alps of Veneto and Trentino (NE Italy). Geomorph, 40, 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00041-1
Viganò, A., Scafidi, D., Ranalli, G., Martin, S., Della Vedova, B. and Spallarossa, D. (2015) Earthquake Relocations, Crustal Rheology, and Active Deformation in the Central-Eastern Alps (N Italy). Tectonophysics, 661, 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.08.017
Maesano, F.E. and D’Ambrogi, C. (2016) Coupling Sedimentation and Tectonic Control: Pleistocene Evolution of the Central Po Basin. Italian Journal of Geosciences, 135, 394-407. https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2015.17
Maesano, F.E., D’Ambrogi, C., Burrato, P. and Toscani, G. (2015) Slip-Rates of blind Thrusts in Slow Deforming Areas: Examples from the Po Plain (Italy). Tectonophysics, 643, 8-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.12.007
Mantovani, E., Babbucci, D., Tamburelli, C. and Viti, M. (2009) A Review on the Driving Mechanism of the Tyrrhenian-Apennines System: Implications for the Present Seismotectonic Setting in the Central-Northern Apennines. Tectonophysics, 476, 22-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.032
Mantovani, E., Viti, M., Babbucci D., Tamburelli, C. and Cenni, N. (2019) How and Why the Present Tectonic Setting in the Apennine Belt Has Developed. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 176, 1291-1302. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-175
Mantovani, E., Viti, M., Babbucci, D., Tamburelli, C. and Cenni, N. (2020) Geodynamics of the Central Western Mediterranean Region: Plausible and Non-Plausible Driving Forces. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 113, Article ID: 104121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104121
Castellarin, A., Cantelli, L., Fesce, A.M., Mercier, J.L., Picotti, V., Pini, G.A., Prosser, G. and Selli, L. (1992) Alpine Compressional Tectonics in the Southern Alps. Relationships with the N. Apennines. Annales Tectonicae, 6, 62-94.
Castellarin, A. and Cantelli, L. (2000) Neo-Alpine Evolution of the Southern Eastern Alps. Journal of Geodynamics, 30, 251-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00036-8
Doglioni, C. and Bosellini, A. (1987) Eoalpine and Mesoalpine Tectonics in the Southern Alps. Geologische Rundschau, 76, 735-754. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01821061
Martin, S., Bigazzi, G., Zattin, M., Viola, G. and Balestrieri, M.L. (1998) Neogene Kinematics of the Giudicarie Fault (Central-Eastern Alps, Italy): New Apatite Fission-Track Data. Terra Nova, 10, 217-221. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.1998.00119.x
Frisch, W., Dunkl, I. and Kuhlemann, J. (2000) Post-Collisional Orogen-Parallel Large-Scale Extension in the Eastern Alps. Tectonophysics, 327, 239-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00204-3
Zampieri, D., Massironi, M., Sedea, R. and Saracino, V. (2003) Strike-Slip Contractional Stepovers in the Southern Alps (Northeastern Italy). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 96, 115-123.
Massironi, M., Zampieri, D. and Caporali, A. (2006) Miocene to Present Major Fault Linkages through the Adriatic Indenter and the Austroalpine-Penninic Collisional Wedge (Alps of NE Italy). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 262, 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.262.01.15
Pola, M., Ricciato, A., Fantoni, R., Fabbri, P. and Zampieri, D. (2014) Architecture of the Western Margin of the North Adriatic Foreland: The Schio-Vicenza Fault System. Italian Journal of Geosciences, 133, 223-234. https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2014.04
Mantovani, E., Viti, M., Babbucci, D., Tamburelli, C., Cenni, N., Baglione, M. and D’Intinosante, V. (2014) Generation of Back-Arc Basins as Side Effect of Shortening Processes: Examples from the Central Mediterranean. International Journal of Geosciences, 5, 1062-1079. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2014.410091
Mantovani, E., Viti, M., Babbucci, D., Tamburelli, C. and Albarello, D. (2006) Geodynamic Connection between the Indentation of Arabia and the Neogene Tectonics of the Central-Eastern Mediterranean Region. In: Dilek, Y. and Pavlides, S., Eds., Post-Collisional Tectonics and Magmatism in the Mediterranean Region and Asia, Geological Society of America Special Papers 409, Boulder, 15-41. https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2409(02)
Mantovani, E., Viti, M., Cenni, N., Babbucci, D. and Tamburelli, C. (2015) Present Velocity Field in the Italian Region by GPS Data: Geodynamic/Tectonic Implications. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 1285-1316. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2015.612103
Viti, M., Mantovani, E., Babbucci, D. and Tamburelli, C. (2006) Quaternary Geodynamics and Deformation Pattern in the Southern Apennines: Implications for Seismic Activity. Bollettino del Servizio geologico d’Italia, 125, 273-291.
Viti, M., Mantovani, E., Babbucci, D. and Tamburelli, C. (2011) Plate Kinematics and Geodynamics in the Central Mediterranean. Journal of Geodynamics, 51, 190-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2010.02.006
Finetti, I.R. (2005) Crustal Tectono-Stratigraphic Sections across the Western and Eastern Alps from ECORS-CROP and Transalp Seismic Data. In: Finetti, I.R., Ed., CROP Project: Deep Seismic Exploration of the Central Mediterranean and Italy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 109-118
Molnar, P. and Lyon-Caen, H. (1988) Some Simple Physical Aspects of the Support, Structure and Evolution of Mountain Belts. In: Clark, S.P., Ed., Processes in Continental Lithospheric Deformation, Geological Society of America Special Papers 218, Boulder, 179-207. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE218-p179
Seghedi, I., Downes, H., Szakács, A., Mason, P.R.D., Thirlwall, M.F., Rosu, E., Pécskay, Z., Márton, E. and Panaiotu, C. (2004) Neogene Quaternary Magmatism and Geodynamics in the Carpathian-Pannonian Region: A Synthesis. Lithos, 72, 117-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2003.08.006
Mantovani, E. (2005) Evolutionary Reconstruction of the Mediterranean Region: Extrusion Tectonics driven by Plate Convergence. In: Finetti, I.R., Ed., CROP PROJECT: Deep Seismic Exploration of the Central Mediterranean and Italy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 705-746.
Mantovani, E., Viti, M., Babbucci, D. and Albarello, D. (2007) Nubia-Eurasia Kinematics: An Alternative Interpretation from Mediterranean and North Atlantic Evidence. Annals of Geophysics, 50, 311-336.
Ratschbacher, L., Merle, O., Davy, P. and Cobbold, P. (1991) Lateral Extrusion in the Eastern Alps, Part I: Boundary Conditions and Experiments Scaled for Gravity. Tectonics, 10, 245-256.
Ratschbacher, L., Frisch, W., Linzer, H.G. and Merle, O. (1991) Lateral Extrusion in the Eastern Alps, Part 2: Structural Analysis. Tectonics, 10, 257-271. https://doi.org/10.1029/90TC02623
Picotti, V., Prosser, G. and Castellarin, A. (1995) Structures and Kinematics of the Giudicarie-Val Trompia Fold and Thrust Belt (Central Southern Alps, Northern Italy). Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, 47, 95-109.
Picotti, V., Casolari, E., Castellarin, A., Mosconi, A., Cairo, E., Pessina, C. and Sella, M. (1997) Alpine Inversion of Mesozoic Rift Basin: The Case of the Eastern Lombardian Prealps. Universita’di Bologna—AGIP, Centro Stampa AGIP S.p.A. (S. Donato Milanese).
Viola, G., Mancktelow, N.S. and Seward, D. (2001) Late Oligocene-Neogene Evolution of Europe-Adria Collision: New Structural and Geochronological Evidence from the Giudicarie Fault System (Italian Eastern Alps). Tectonics, 20, 999-1020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001TC900021
Livio, F.A., Berlusconi, A., Michetti, A.M., Sileo, G., Zerboni, A., Trombino, L., Cremaschi, M., Mueller, K., Vittori, E., Carcano, C. and Rogledi, S. (2009) Active Fault-Related Folding in the Epicentral Area of the December 25, 1222 (Io = IX MCS) Brescia Earthquake (Northern Italy): Seismotectonic Implications. Tectonophysics, 476, 320-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.03.019
Reverman, R.L., Fellin, M.G., Herman, F., Willett, S.D. and Fitoussi, C. (2012) Climatically versus Tectonically Forced Erosion in the Alps: Thermochronometric Constraints from the Adamello Complex, Southern Alps, Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 339-340, 127-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.04.051
Cuffaro, M., Riguzzi, F., Scrocca, D., Antonioli, F., Carminati, E., Divani, M. and Doglioni, C. (2010) On the Geodynamics of the Northern Adriatic Plate. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 21, 253-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-010-0098-9
Turrini, C., Lacombe, O. and Roure, F. (2014) Present-Day 3D Structural Model of the Po Valley Basin, Northern Italy. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 56, 266-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.02.006
Turrini, C., Angeloni, P., Lacombe, O., Ponton, M. and Roure, F. (2015) Three-Di-mensional Seismo-Tectonics in the Po Valley Basin, Northern Italy. Tectonophysics, 661, 156-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.08.033
Zampieri, D. (1995) Tertiary Extension in the Southern Trento Platfotm, Southern Alps. Tectonics, 14, 645-657. https://doi.org/10.1029/94TC03093
Fantoni, R. and Franciosi, R. (2010) Tectono-Sedimentary Setting of the Po Plain and Adriatic Foreland. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 21, 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-010-0102-4
Castellarin, A., Fesce, A.M., Picotti, V., Pini, G.A., Prosser, G., Sartori, R., Selli, L., Cantelli, L. and Ricci, R. (1988) Structural and Kinematics Analysis of the Giudicarie Deformation Belt. Implications for Compression Tectonics of Southern Alps. Mineralogica Petrographica Acta, 30, 287-310.
Fantoni, R. and Franciosi, R. (2009) Estensione mesozoica e compressione cenozoica nell’avampaese padano-adriatico. Abstract e Poster Natura e geodinamica della litosfera nell’alto Adriatico. Rendiconti online della Società Geologica Italiana, 9, 28-31.
Arca, S. and Berretta, G.P. (1985) Prima sintesi geodetica e geologica sui movimenti verticali del suolo nell’Italia Settentrionale. Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini, 44, 125-156.
Mantovani, E., Viti, M., Babbucci, D., Cenni, N., Tamburelli, C., Vannucchi, A., Falciani, F., Fianchisti, G., Baglione, M., D’Intinosante, V., Fabbroni, P., Martelli, L., Baldi, P. and Bacchetti, M. (2013) Assetto tettonico e potenzialità sismogenetica dell’Appennino Tosco Romagnolo e Val Padana. https://ambiente.regione.emilia-romagna.it/it/geologia/pubblicazioni/libri https://www.regione.toscana.it/-/pubblicazioni-11
Cenni, N., Mantovani, E., Baldi, P. and Viti, M. (2012) Present Kinematics of Central and Northern Italy from Continuous GPS Measurements. Journal of Geodynamics, 58, 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.02.004
Cenni, N., Viti, M., Baldi, P., Mantovani, E., Bacchetti, M. and Vannucchi, A. (2013) Present Vertical Movements in Central and Northern Italy from GPS Data: Possible Role of Natural and Anthropogenic Causes. Journal of Geodynamics, 71, 74-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2013.07.004
Carminati, E., Doglioni, C. and Scrocca, D. (2005) Magnitude and Causes of Long-Term Subsidences of the Po Plain and Venetian Region. In: Fletcher, C.A., Spencer, T., with Da Mosto, J. and Campostrini, P., Eds., Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and Its Lagoon: State of Knowledge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 21-28.
Giambastiani, B.M.S., Antonellini, M., Oude Essink, G.H.P. and Stuurman, R.J. (2007) Salt Water Intrusion in the Unconfıned Coastal Aquifer of Ravenna (Italy): A Numerical Model. Journal of Hydrology, 340, 94-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.04.001
Teatini, P., Tosi, L. and Strozzi, T. (2011) Quantitative Evidence That Compaction of Holocene Sediments Drives the Present Land Subsidence of the Po Delta, Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, B08407. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB008122
Stucchi, M., Rovida, A., Gomez Capera, A.A., Alexandre, P., Camelbeeck, T., Demircioglu, M.B., Gasperini, P., Kouskouna, V., Musson, R.M.W., Radulian, M., Sesetyan, K., Vilanova, S., Baumont, D., Bungum, H., Fäh, D., Lenhardt, W., Makropoulos, K., Martinez Solares, J.M., Scotti, O., Zivcic, M., Albini, P., Batllo, J., Papaioannou, C., Tatevossian, R., Locati, M., Meletti, C., Viganò, D. and Giardini, D. (2012) The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) 1000-1899. Journal of Seismology, 17, 523-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-012-9335-2
Grünthal, G. and Wahlström, R. (2012) The European-Mediterranean Earthquake Catalogue (EMEC) for the Last Millennium. Journal of Seismology, 16, 535-557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-012-9302-y
Decanini, L.D. and Mollaioli, F. (1997) Sull’attenuazione dell’intensità macrosismica in alcune zone sismogenetiche italiane, VIII Convegno Nazionale: L’ingegneria sismica in Italia, Taormina, 21-24 settembre 1997, 2: 895-902. Palermo, Priulla.
Shebalin, N.V., Karnik, V. and Hadzievski, D. (1974) UNDP-Unesco Survey of the Seismicity of Balkan Region. Catalogue of Earthquakes, Part I, 1901-70, Skopje.
Mantovani, E., Viti, M., Cenni, N., Babbucci, D., Tamburelli, C., Baglione, M. and D’Intinosante, V. (2015) Seismotectonics and Present Seismic Hazard in the Tuscany-Romagna-Marche-Umbria Apennines (Italy). Journal of Geodynamics, 89, 1-14. https://asbproxy.unisi.it:2731/10.1016/j.jog.2015.05.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2015.05.001
Mantovani, E., Viti, M., Babbucci, D., Tamburelli, C., Cenni, N., Baglione, M. and D’Intinosante, V. (2016) Recognition of Peri-Adriatic Seismic Zones Most Prone to Next Major Earthquakes: Insights from a Deterministic Approach. In: D’Amico, S., Ed., Earthquakes and Their Impact on Society, Springer Natural Hazard, Springer International Publishing, Berlin, 43-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21753-6_2