In this study, the theory of ore formation on the Earth and the Moon was developed. It is shown that ore deposits on the Earth and the Moon were mainly formed simultaneously with the separation of the Moon from the protoplanet and the formation of the oldest continents. The formation of terrestrial ores occurred as a result of the release of intermediate and heavy chemical ele ments from the deep layers of the protoplanet and the subsequent process of adhesion to old terrestrial geological faults. The time of terrestrial and lunar ores formations corresponds to the boundary between the Tonian and Cryogenian Periods (~720 Ma). Lunar ore formation processes are different on the near and far sides. The farside of the Moon is a single piece of the protoplanetary lithosphere, so ores there could be formed mainly due to the overflow of igneous rocks over the edge of the lunar continent. On the nearside, due to the rapid cooling, ores were formed in the area of navel-string during the drip-liquid separation of the Moon from the Earth. Due to the fact that the Moon separated at the first stage, the amount of water and methane on it is limited. In periods after the Cryogenian, volcanic, lava and sedimentary rocks on Earth could be enriched with intermediate elements due to the disruption of vertical stratification during galactic storms. To analyze this, a comparison of terrestrial volcanic and lunar pseudo-volcanic activity was carried out in the work.
Kuroda, P. (1960) Nuclear Fission in the Early History of the Earth. Nature, 187, 36-38. https://doi.org/10.1038/187036a0
Hollenbach, D.F. and Herndon, J.M. (2001) Deep-Earth Reactor: Nuclear Fission, Helium, and the Geomagnetic Field. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 98, 11085-11090. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.201393998
Herndon, J.M. (2003) Nuclear Georeactor Origin of Oceanic Basalt 3He/4He, Evidence, and Implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 100, 3047-3050. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0437778100
Herndon, J.M. (2014) Terracentric Nuclear Fission Georeactor: Background, Basis, Feasibility, Structure, Evidence and Geophysical Implications. Current Science, 106, 528-541.
Herndon, J.M. (2011) Corruption of Science in America. The Dot Connector Magazine, 2, 25-32. http://nuclearplanet.com/corruption.pdf
Fogli, G., Lisi, E., Palazzo, A. and Rotunno, A. (2005) KamLAND Neutrino Spectra in Energy and Time: Indications for Reactor Power Variations and Constraints on the Georeactor. Physics Letters B, 623, 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.07.064
Dye, S., Guillian, E., Learned, J., Maricic, J., Matsuno, S., Pakvasa, S., Varner, G. and Wilcox, M. (2006) Earth Radioactivity Measurements with a Deep Ocean Antineutrino Observatory. Earth, Moon, and Planets, 99, 241-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11038-006-9129-z
Fogli, G.L., Lisi, E., Palazzo, A. and Rotunno, A.M. (2010) Combined Analysis of KamLAND and Borexino Neutrino Signals from Th and U Decays in the Earth’s Interior. Physical Review D, 82, Article ID: 093006. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.82.093006
Gando, A. and KamLAND Collaboration (2013) Reactor On-Off Antineutrino Measurement with KamLAND. Physical Review D, 88, Article ID: 033001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.88.033001
Agostini, M. and Borexino Collaboration (2015) Spectroscopy of Geoneutrinos from 2056 Days of Borexino Data. Physical Review D, 92, Article ID: 031101. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.92.031101
Roncin, R. and Borexino Collaboration (2016) Geo-Neutrino Results with Borexino. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 675, Article ID: 012029.
Ludhova, L. and Zavatarelli, S. (2013) Studying the Earth with Geoneutrinos. Advances in High Energy Physics, 2013, Article ID: 425693. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/425693
Safronov, A.N. (2016) The Basic Principles of Creation of Habitable Planets around Stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 6, 512-554. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2016.64039
Safronov, A.N. (2020) A New View of the Mass Extinctions and the Worldwide Floods. International Journal of Geosciences, 11, 251-287. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2020.114014
Safronov, A.N. (2022) New Theory of Effusive and Explosive Volcanic Eruptions. International Journal of Geosciences, 13, 115-137. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2022.132007
Safronov, A.N. (2022) Astronomical Triggers as a Cause of Strong Earthquakes. International Journal of Geosciences, 13, 793-829. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2022.139040
Safronov, A.N. (2023) Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: I. The Stellar Nucleogenesis of Elements Necessary for the Life Origin. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202305.0202/v1 https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.0202.v1
Safronov, A.N. (2023) Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: II. Scanning for Habitable Stellar Systems on Behalf of Future Space Missions. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202305.0005/v1 https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.0005.v1
Safronov, A.N. (2023) Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: III. Spatial Distribution of Overheated Stars in the Solar Neighborhood. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202305.0006/v1 https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.0006.v1
Prettyman, T.H., Hagerty, J.J., Elphic, R.C., Feldman, W.C., Lawrence, D.J., McKinney, G.W. and Vaniman, D.T. (2006) Elemental Composition of the Lunar Surface: Analysis of Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Data from Lunar Prospector. Journal of Geophysical Research, Planet, 111, E12007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002656
Dataset (2010) Global GIS Lunar. https://pdsimage2.wr.usgs.gov/pub/pigpen/moon/Global_GIS_Lunar/LunarGISDVD_v08.zip
Gaddis, L., Rosanova, C., Hare, T., Hawke, B.R., Coombs, C. and Robinson, M.S. (1998) Small Lunar Pyroclastic Deposits: A New Global Perspective. Lunar Planetary Science, 29, 1807-1808.
Brush, S. (1988) A History of Modern Selenogony: Theoretical Origins of the Moon, from Capture to Crash 1955-1984. Space Science Reviews, 47, 211-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00243556
Darwin, G.H. (1879) On the Bodily Tides of Viscous and Semi-Elastic Spheroids, and on the Ocean Tides upon a Yielding Nucleus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 170, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1879.0061
Wise, D.U. (1969) Origin of the Moon from the Earth: Some New Mechanisms and Comparisons. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 74, 6034-6045. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB074i025p06034
Ringwood, A.E. (1986) Composition and Origin of the Moon. In: Hartmann, W.K., Ed., Origin of the Moon, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, 673-698.
Safronov, V.S. (1991) Kuiper Prize Lecture: Some Problems in the Formation of the Planets. Icarus, 94, 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(91)90226-J
Safronov, V. and Ruskol, E. (1994) Formation and Evolution of Planets. Astrophysics and Space Science, 212, 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984504
Benz, W., Slattery, W.L. and Cameron, A.G.W. (1986) The Origin of the Moon and the Single-Impact Hypothesis I. Icarus, 66, 515-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(86)90088-6
Benz, W., Slattery, W.L. and Cameron, A.G.W. (1987) The Origin of the Moon and the Single-Impact Hypothesis II. Icarus, 71, 30-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(87)90160-6
Benz, W., Cameron, A.G.W. and Melosh, H.J. (1989) The Origin of the Moon and the Single-Impact Hypothesis III. Icarus, 81, 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(89)90129-2
Cameron, A.G.W. and Benz, W. (1991) The Origin of the Moon and the Single Impact Hypothesis IV. Icarus, 92, 204-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(91)90046-V
Cameron, A.G.W. (1997) The Origin of the Moon and the Single Impact Hypothesis V. Icarus, 126, 126-137. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.5642
Canup, R.M. (2012) Forming a Moon with an Earth-Like Composition via a Giant Impact. Science, 338, 1052-1055. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226073
Canup, R.M. (2014) Lunar-Forming Impacts: Processes and Alternatives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 372, Article ID: 20130175. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0175
Canup, R.M., Visscher, C., Salmon, J. and Fegley Jr., B. (2015) Lunar Volatile Depletion Due to Incomplete Accretion within an Impact-Generated Disk. Nature Geoscience, 8, 918-921. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2574
Clayton, R.N. and Mayeda, T.K. (1996) Oxygen Isotopic Studies of Achondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 1999-2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00074-9
Wiechert, U., Halliday, A.N., Lee, D.C., Snyder, G.A., Taylor, L.A. and Rumble, D. (2001) Oxygen Isotopes and the Moon-Forming Giant Impact. Science, 294, 345-348. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063037
Shukolyukov, A. and Lugmair, G.W. (2000) On the 53Mn Heterogeneity in the Early Solar System. Space Science Reviews, 92, 225-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4146-8_15
Trinquier, A., Birck, J.L., Allegre, C.J., Gopel, C. and Ulfbeck, D. (2008) 53Mn-53Cr Systematics of the Early Solar System Revisited. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 5146-5163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.03.023
Leya, I., Schonbachler, M., Wiechert, U., Krahenbuhl, U. and Halliday, A.N. (2008) Titanium Isotopes and the Radial Heterogeneity of the Solar System. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 266, 233-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.017
Zhang, J., Dauphas, N., Davis, A.M., Leya, I. and Fedkin, A. (2012) The Proto-Earth as a Significant Source of Lunar Material. Nature Geoscience, 5, 251-255. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1429
Georg, R.B., Halliday, A.N., Schauble, E.A. and Reynolds, B.C. (2007) Silicon in the Earth’s Core. Nature, 447, 1102-1106. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05927
Fitoussi, C. and Bourdon, B. (2012) Silicon Isotope Evidence against an Enstatite Chondrite Earth. Science, 335, 1477-1480. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1219509
Voronin, D.V. (2011) Computer Modeling of Planet Partial Fragmentation. WSEAS Transactions on Fluid Mechanics, 1, 32-50.
de Meijer, R.J., Anisichkin, V.F. and van Westrenen, W. (2013) Forming the Moon from Terrestrial Silicate-Rich Material. Chemical Geology, 345, 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.12.015
Rufu, R., Aharonson, O. and Perets, H.B. (2017) A Multiple-Impact Origin for the Moon. Nature Geoscience, 10, 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2866
Deng, H., Ballmer, M.D., Reinhardt, C., Meier, M.M.M., Mayer, L., Stadel, J. and Benitez, F. (2019) Primordial Earth Mantle Heterogeneity Caused by the Moon-Forming Giant Impact? The Astrophysical Journal, 887, 211. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab50b9
Righter, K. (2019) Volatile Element Depletion of the Moon—The Roles of Precursors, Post-Impact Disk Dynamics, and Core Formation. Science Advances, 5, eaau7658. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau7658
Rufu, R. and Canup, R.M. (2020) Tidal Evolution of the Evection Resonance/Quasia-Resonance and the Angular Momentum of the Earth-Moon System. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 125, e2019JE006312. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE006312
Wissing, R. and Hobbs, D. (2020) A New Equation of State Applied to Planetary Impacts. 2. Lunar-Forming Impact Simulations with a Primordial Magma Ocean. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 643, A40. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936227
Kegerreis, J.A., Ruiz-Bonilla, S., Eke, V.R., Massey, R.J., Sandnes, T.D. and Teodoro, L.F.A. (2022) Immediate Origin of the Moon as a Post-Impact Satellite. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 937, L40. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac8d96
Rufu, R., Salmon, J., Pahlevan, K., Visscher, C., Nakajima, M. and Righter, K. (2021) The Origin of the Earth-Moon System as Revealed by the Moon. Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey Science, Whitepaper #238. https://doi.org/10.3847/25c2cfeb.6e7d4ab6
Canup, R.M., Righter, K., Dauphas, N., Pahlevan, K., Ćuk, M., Lock, S.J., Stewart, S.T., Salmon, J., Rufu, R., Nakajima, M. and Magna, T. (2021) Origin of the Moon. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2103/2103.02045.pdf
Burbidge, E.M., Burbidge, G.R., Fowler, W.A. and Hoyle, F. (1957) Synthesis of the Elements in Stars. Reviews of Modern Physics, 29, 547-650. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547
Kobayashi, C., Karakas, A.I. and Lugaro, M. (2020) The Origin of Elements from Carbon to Uranium. The Astrophysical Journal, 900, 179. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abae65
Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.M., Gibbard, P.L. and Fan, J.-X. (2013) The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes, 36, 199-204. https://www.episodes.org https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002
Cohen, K.M., Harper, D.A.T. and Gibbard, P.L. (2020) ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2020/03. International Commission on Stratigraphy, IUGS. https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2022-02.pdf
Burr, D.M., Tanaka, K.L. and Yoshikawa, K. (2009) Pingos on Earth and Mars. Planetary and Space Science, 57, 541-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2008.11.003
Colin, M.D. and McEwen, A.S. (2010) An Assessment of Evidence for Pingos on Mars Using HiRISE. Icarus, 205, 244-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.020
Soare, R.J., Conway, S.J., Pearce, G.D., Dohm, J.M. and Grindrod, P.M. (2013) Possible Crater-Based Pingos, Paleolakes and Periglacial Landscapes at the High Latitudes of Utopia Planitia, Mars. Icarus, 225, 971-981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.08.041
Wetzel, D.T., Hauri, E.H., Saal, A.E. and Rutherford, M.J. (2014) Dissolved Carbon Content of the Lunar Volcanic Glass Beads and Melt Inclusions: Carbon from the Lunar Interior. 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, 17-21 March 2014, 2238.
Wetzel, D.T., Hauri, E.H., Saal, A.E. and Rutherford, M.J. (2015) Carbon Content and Degassing History of the Lunar Volcanic Glasses. Nature Geoscience, 8, 755-758. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2511
Needham, D.H. and Kring, D.A. (2017) Lunar Volcanism Produced a Transient Atmosphere around the Ancient Moon. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 478, 175-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.09.002
Yokota, S., Terada, K., Saito, Y., Kato, D., Asamura, K., Nishino, M.N., Shimizu, H., Takahashi, F., Shibuya, H., Matsushima, M. and Tsunakawa, H. (2020) KAGUYA Observation of Global Emissions of Indigenous Carbon Ions from the Moon. Science Advances, 6, eaba1050. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba1050
Colaprete, A., Schultz, P., Heldmann, J., Wooden, D., Shirley, M.H., Ennico, K., Hermalyn, B., Marshall, W., Ricco, A., Elphic, R.C., Goldstein, D.B., Summy, D., Bart, G., Asphaug, E., Korycansky, D., Landis, D. and Sollit, L. (2010) Detection of Water in the LCROSS Ejecta Plume. Science, 330, 463-468. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1186986
Schorghofer, N., Williams, J.-P., Martinez-Camacho, J., Paige, D.A. and Siegler, M.A. (2021) Carbon Dioxide Cold Traps on the Moon. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL095533. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095533
Araki, H., Tazawa, S., Noda, H., Ishihara, Y., Goossens, S., Sasaki, S., Kawano, N., Kamiya, I., Otake, H., Oberst, J. and Shum, C. (2009) Lunar Global Shape and Polar Topography Derived from Kaguya-LALT Laser Altimetry. Science, 323, 897-900. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164146
Gaddis, L.R., Klem, S., Gustafson, J.O., Hawke, B.R. and Giguere, T.A. (2011) Alphonsus Dark-Halo Craters: Identification of Additional Volcanic Vents. 42th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, 7-11 March 2011, 2691.
Skinner, J., J. A., Gaddis, L.R., Keszthelyi, L., Hare, T.M., Howington-Kraus, E. and Rosiek, M. (2005) Alphonsus-Type Dark-Halo Craters—Morphometry and Volume Reassessments and Implications for Eruptive Style. 36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, League City, 14-18 March 2005, 2344.
Head, J.W. and Wilson, L. (2016) Generation, Ascent and Eruption of Magma on the Moon: New Insights into Source Depths, Magma Supply, Intrusions and Effusive/Explosive Eruptions (Part 2: Predicted Emplacement Processes and Observations). Icarus, 283, 176-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.031
Jolliff, B.L., Wiseman, S.A., Lawrence, S.J., Tran, T.N., Robinson, M.S., Sato, H., Hawke, B.R., Scholten, F., Oberst, J., Hiesinger, H., van der Bogert, C.H., Greenhagen, B.T., Glotch, T.D. and Paige, D.A. (2011) Non-Mare Silicic Volcanism on the Lunar Farside at Compton-Belkovich. Nature Geoscience, 4, 566-571. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1212
Petro, N.E., Isaacson, P.J., Pieters, C.M., Jolliff, B.L., Carter, L.M. and Klima, R.L. (2013) Presence of OH/H20 Associated with the Lunar Compton-Belkovich Volcanic Complex Identified by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3). 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, 18-22 March 2013, 2688.
Chauhan, M., Bhattacharya, S., Saran, S., Chauhan, P. and Dagar, A. (2015) Compton-Belkovich Volcanic Complex (CBVC): An Ash Flow Caldera on the Moon. Icarus, 253, 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.02.024
Wilson, L. and Head, J.W. (2016) Explosive Volcanism Associated with the Silicic Compton-Belkovich Volcanic Complex: Implications for Magma Water Content. 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, 21-25 March 2016, 1564.
Kadyshevich, E.A. and Ostrovskii, V.E. (2023) From Minerals to Simplest Living Matter: Life Origination Hydrate Theory. Acta Biotheoretica, 71, Article No. 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10441-023-09463-9
Cadogan, P.H., Eglinton, G., Maxwell, J.R. and Pillinger, C.T. (1971) Carbon Chemistry of the Lunar Surface. Nature, 231, 29-31. https://doi.org/10.1038/231029a0
Jull, A.J.T., Eglinton, G., Pillinger, C.T., Biggar, G.M. and Batts, B.D. (1976) The Identity of Lunar Hydrolysable Carbon. Nature, 262, 566-567. https://doi.org/10.1038/262566a0
Saal, A.E., Hauri, E.H., Cascio, M.L., Van Orman, J.A., Rutherford, M.C. and Cooper, R.F. (2008) Volatile Content of Lunar Volcanic Glasses and the Presence of Water in the Moon’s Interior. Nature, 454, 192-195. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07047
Hauri, E.H., Weinreich, T., Saal, A.E., Rutherford, M.C. and Van Orman, J.A. (2011) High Pre-Eruptive Water Contents Preserved in Lunar Melt Inclusions. Science, 333, 213-215. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204626
Hauri, E.H., Saal, A.E., Rutherford, M.J. and Van Orman, J.A. (2015) Water in the Moon’s Interior: Truth and Consequences. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 409, 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.053