This work is a study of the effects of geomagnetic storm classes on the ionosphere at the Korhogo station (Lat. 9.3˚N; Long. 354.6˚E; dip. 0.6˚S). The years covered by the study are 1993, 1995, 1998, and 2001. The ionospheric parameter used is the critical frequency of the F2 layer of the ionosphere (foF2). The geomagnetic storm classes considered are weak storms, moderate storms, and intense storms. The study of the effects on the diurnal profiles of foF2 is carried out by comparing the profiles of storm periods with those of periods without storms. The occurrence and intensity of ionospheric storms generated by geomagnetic storms are studied from the formula of the deviation relation of foF2 in disturbed periods compared to periods without storms (ΔfoF2). The results show that weak storms have no significant effect on all types of diurnal foF2 profiles. Moderate and intense storms disrupt the “noon bite out” profiles but do not disrupt the other types of profiles. The analysis of the evolution of ΔfoF2 shows that all classes of magnetic storms generate positive storms whose peaks are more pronounced in the night-morning sector (45%, 50%, 78%). Moderate and intense storms sometimes generate negative storms in the night-morning sector. Positive storms are more intense during intense storms, but negative storms are more intense during moderate storms.
Tsagouri, I. (2022) Space Weather Effects on the Earth’s Upper Atmosphere: Short Report on Ionospheric Storm Effects at Middle Latitudes. Atmosphere , 13, Article 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020346
de Abreu, A.J., Sahai, Y., Fagundes, P.R., Becker-Guedes, F., de Jesus, R., Guarnieri, F.L., et al . (2010) Response of the Ionospheric F-Region in the Brazilian Sector during the Super Geomagnetic Storm in April 2000 Observed by GPS. Advances in Space Research , 45, 1322-1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.02.003
de Jesus, R., Sahai, Y., Guarnieri, F.L., Fagundes, P.R., de Abreu, A.J., Becker-Guedes, F., et al . (2010) Effects Observed in the Ionospheric F-Region in the South American Sector during the Intense Geomagnetic Storm of 14 December 2006. Advances in Space Research , 46, 909-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.04.031
Sahai, Y., Becker-Guedes, F., Fagundes, P.R., Lima, W.L.C., Otsuka, Y., Huang, C.-S., et al . (2007) Response of Nighttime Equatorial and Low Latitude F-Region to the Geomagnetic Storm of August 18, 2003, in the Brazilian Sector. Advances in Space Research , 39, 1325-1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.02.064
Sahai, Y., Becker‐Guedes, F., Fagundes, P.R., de Jesus, R., de Abreu, A.J., Paxton, L.J., et al . (2009) Effects Observed in the Latin American Sector Ionospheric F Region during the Intense Geomagnetic Disturbances in the Early Part of November 2004. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 114, A00A19. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007ja013007
Sahai, Y., Fagundes, P.R., Becker‐Guedes, F., Bolzan, M.J.A., Abalde, J.R., Pillat, V.G., et al . (2005) Effects of the Major Geomagnetic Storms of October 2003 on the Equatorial and Low-Latitude F Region in Two Longitudinal Sectors. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 110, A12S91. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004ja010999
Prölss, G.W. (1995) Ionospheric F Region Storms. In: Volland, H., Ed., Handbook of Atmo Spheric Electrodynamics , CRC Press, 195-248.
Fuller‐Rowell, T.J., Codrescu, M.V., Moffett, R.J. and Quegan, S. (1994) Response of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere to Geomagnetic Storms. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 99, 3893-3914. https://doi.org/10.1029/93ja02015
Prölss, G.W. and Jung, M.J. (1978) Travelling Atmospheric Disturbances as a Possible Explanation for Daytime Positive Storm Effects of Moderate Duration at Middle Latitudes. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics , 40, 1351-1354. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(78)90088-0
Balan, N., Shiokawa, K., Otsuka, Y., Kikuchi, T., Vijaya Lekshmi, D., Kawamura, S., et al . (2010) A Physical Mechanism of Positive Ionospheric Storms at Low Latitudes and Midlatitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 115, A02304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009ja014515
Balan, N., Yamamoto, M., Liu, J.Y., Otsuka, Y., Liu, H. and Lühr, H. (2011) New Aspects of Thermospheric and Ionospheric Storms Revealed by Champ. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 116, A07305. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010ja016399
Kikuchi, T., Araki, T., Maeda, H. and Maekawa, K. (1978) Transmission of Polar Electric Fields to the Equator. Nature , 273, 650-651. https://doi.org/10.1038/273650a0
Kelley, M.C., Vlasov, M.N., Foster, J.C. and Coster, A.J. (2004) A Quantitative Explanation for the Phenomenon Known as Storm-Enhanced Density. Geophysical Research Letters , 31, L19809. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020875
Mannucci, A.J., Tsurutani, B.T., Iijima, B.A., Komjathy, A., Saito, A., Gonzalez, W.D., et al . (2005) Dayside Global Ionospheric Response to the Major Interplanetary Events of October 29-30, 2003 “Halloween Storms”. Geophysical Research Letters , 32, L12S02. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl021467
Balan, N., Shiokawa, K., Otsuka, Y., Watanabe, S. and Bailey, G.J. (2009) Super Plasma Fountain and Equatorial Ionization Anomaly during Penetration Electric Field. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 114, A03310. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013768
Kumar, V.V. and Parkinson, M.L. (2017) A Global Scale Picture of Ionospheric Peak Electron Density Changes during Geomagnetic Storms. Space Weather , 15, 637-652. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016SW001573
Astafyeva, E., Zakharenkova, I. and Förster, M. (2015) Ionospheric Response to the 2015 St. Patrick’s Day Storm: A Global Multi-Instrumental Overview. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 120, 9023-9037. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015ja021629
Joshua, B.W., Adeniyi, J.O., Amory‐Mazaudier, C. and Adebiyi, S.J. (2021) On the Pre-Magnetic Storm Signatures in NMF2 in Some Equatorial, Low-and Mid-Latitude Stations. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 126, e2021JA029459. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ja029459
Kane, R.P. (2005) Ionospheric fo F2 Anomalies during Some Intense Geomagnetic storms. Annales Geophysicae , 23, 2487-2499. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2487-2005
Singh, R. and Sripathi, S. (2017) Ionospheric Response to 22-23 June 2015 Storm as Investigated Using Ground-Based Ionosondes and GPS Receivers over India. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 122, 11,645-11,664. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ja024460
Adekoya, B.J. and Adebesin, B.O. (2015) Ionospheric and Solar Wind Variation during Magnetic Storm Onset and Main Phase at Low-and Mid-Latitudes. Acta Geophysica , 63, 1150-1180. https://doi.org/10.1515/acgeo-2015-0020
Adebesin, B., Olufemiand, B. and Kayode, J.S. (2012) On the Coexistence of Ionospheric Positive and Negative Storm Phases during January-December, 2000 Geo-magnetic Activities at East Asian Sector. Advances in Applied Science Research , 3, 349-370.
Mansilla, G.A. and Zossi, M.M. (2013) Ionospheric Response to the 3 August 2010 Geomagnetic Storm at Mid and Mid-High Latitudes. Advances in Space Research , 51, 50-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2012.09.001
Cander, L.R. and Mihajlovic, S.J. (2005) Ionospheric Spatial and Temporal Variations during the 29-31 October 2003 Storm. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar - Terrestrial Physics , 67, 1118-1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.02.020
Astafyeva, E., Zakharenkova, I., Hozumi, K., Alken, P., Coïsson, P., Hairston, M.R., et al . (2018) Study of the Equatorial and Low‐Latitude Electrodynamic and Ionospheric Disturbances during the 22-23 June 2015 Geomagnetic Storm Using Ground‐based and Spaceborne Techniques. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 123, 2424-2440. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ja024981
Astafyeva, E., Zakharenkova, I. and Alken, P. (2016) Prompt Penetration Electric Fields and the Extreme Topside Ionospheric Response to the June 22-23, 2015 Geomagnetic Storm as Seen by the Swarm Constellation. Earth , Planets and Space , 68, Article No. 152. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0526-x
Immel, T.J. and Mannucci, A.J. (2013) Ionospheric Redistribution during Geomagnetic Storms. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 118, 7928-7939. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013ja018919
Lastovicka, J. (2002) Monitoring and Forecasting of Ionospheric Space Weather—Effects of Geomagnetic Storms. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar - Terrestrial Physics , 64, 697-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(02)00031-7
Berényi, K.A., Heilig, B., Urbář, J., Kouba, D., Kis, Á. and Barta, V. (2023) Comprehensive Analysis of the Ionospheric Response to the Largest Geomagnetic Storms from Solar Cycle 24 over Europe. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences , 10, Article 1092850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1092850
Obrou, O.K. (2008) Ionosphère équatoriale: Contribution à l’amélioration du modèle “international référence Ionosphère” (IRI). Master’s Thesis, Université de Cocody-Abidjan.
Sawadogo, S., Gnabahou, D.A., Pahima, T. and Ouattara, F. (2024) Solar Activity: Towards a Standard Classification of Solar Phases from Cycle 1 to Cycle 24. Advances in Space Research , 73, 1041-1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.11.011
Faynot, J.M. and Villa, P. (1979) F Region at the Magnetic Equator. Annales Geophysicae , 35, 1-9.
Vijaya Lekshmi, D., Balan, N., Tulasi Ram, S. and Liu, J.Y. (2011) Statistics of Geomagnetic Storms and Ionospheric Storms at Low and Mid Latitudes in Two Solar Cycles. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 116, A11328. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011ja017042
Oloruntola, R.F., Ogundele, A.K., Akinfoyeku, A. and Shittu, M.A. (2019) Ionospheric Reponse to Intense Geomagnetic Storms and Pre-Storm. International Re search Journal of Applied Sciences , 2, 1-11.
Guibula, K., Zerbo, J.L., Kaboré, M. and Ouattara, F. (2019) Critical Frequency fo F2 Variations at Korhogo Station from 1992 to 2001 Prediction with IRI-2012. International Journal of Geophysics , 2019, Article ID: 2792101. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2792101
Gonzalez, W.D., Joselyn, J.A., Kamide, Y., Kroehl, H.W., Rostoker, G., Tsurutani, B.T., et al . (1994) What Is a Geomagnetic Storm? Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 99, 5771-5792. https://doi.org/10.1029/93ja02867
Loewe, C.A. and Prölss, G.W. (1997) Classification and Mean Behavior of Magnetic Storms. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 102, 14209-14213. https://doi.org/10.1029/96ja04020
Farley, D.T., Bonelli, E., Fejer, B.G. and Larsen, M.F. (1986) The Prereversal Enhancement of the Zonal Electric Field in the Equatorial Ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 91, 13723-13728. https://doi.org/10.1029/ja091ia12p13723
Abdu, M.A., Kherani, E.A., Batista, I.S. and Sobral, J.H.A. (2009) Equatorial Evening Prereversal Vertical Drift and Spread F Suppression by Disturbance Penetration Electric Fields. Geophysical Research Letters , 36, L191103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039919
Eccles, J.V., St. Maurice, J.P. and Schunk, R.W. (2015) Mechanisms Underlying the Prereversal Enhancement of the Vertical Plasma Drift in the Low-Latitude Ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 120, 4950-4970. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014ja020664
Vassal, J.A. (1982), Electrojet, contre électrojet et région F à Sarh (Tchad), Géophysique. ORSTOM.
Abdu, M.A., Batista, I.S., Walker, G.O., Sobral, J.H.A., Trivedi, N.B. and de Paula, E.R. (1995) Equatorial Ionospheric Electric Fields during Magnetospheric Disturbances: Local Time/Longitude Dependences from Recent EITS Campaigns. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics , 57, 1065-1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(94)00123-6
Abdu, M.A. (2012) Equatorial Spread F/Plasma Bubble Irregularities under Storm Time Disturbance Electric Fields. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar - Terrestrial Physics , 75, 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2011.04.024
Kikuchi, T., Hashimoto, K.K. and Nozaki, K. (2008) Penetration of Magnetospheric Electric Fields to the Equator during a Geomagnetic Storm. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 113, A06214. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007ja012628
Scherliess, L. and Fejer, B.G. (1997) Storm Time Dependence of Equatorial Disturbance Dynamo Zonal Electric Fields. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 102, 24037-24046. https://doi.org/10.1029/97ja02165
Richmond, A.D., Peymirat, C. and Roble, R.G. (2003) Long-Lasting Disturbances in the Equatorial Ionospheric Electric Field Simulated with a Coupled Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 108, Article 1118. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002ja009758
Kikuchi, T. and Hashimoto, K.K. (2016) Transmission of the Electric Fields to the Low Latitude Ionosphere in the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Current Circuit. Geoscience Letters , 3, Article No. 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-016-0035-6
Huang, C.-S., Sazykin, S., Chau, J.L., Maruyama, N. and Kelley, M.C. (2007) Penetration Electric Fields: Efficiency and Characteristic Time Scale. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar - Terrestrial Physics , 69, 1135-1146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-016-0035-6
Yamazaki, Y. and Kosch, M.J. (2015) The Equatorial Electrojet during Geomagnetic Storms and Substorms. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 120, 2276-2287. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-016-0035-6
Maruyama, N., Richmond, A.D., Fuller-Rowell, T.J., Codrescu, M.V., Sazykin, S., Toffoletto, F.R., et al . (2005) Interaction between Direct Penetration and Disturbance Dynamo Electric Fields in the Storm-Time Equatorial Ionosphere. Geophysical Research Letters , 32, L17105. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023763
Astafyeva, E. (2009) Effects of Strong IMF B z Southward Events on the Equatorial and Mid-Latitude Ionosphere. Annales Geophysicae , 27, 1175-1187. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-1175-2009
Astafyeva, E.I. (2009) Dayside Ionospheric Uplift during Strong Geomagnetic Storms as Detected by the CHAMP, SAC-C, TOPEX and Jason-1 Satellites. Advances in Space Research , 43, 1749-1756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2008.09.036
Tsurutani, B., Mannucci, A., Lijima, B., Ali Abdu, M., Sobral, J.H.A., Gonzalez, W., et al . (2004) Global Dayside Ionospheric Uplift and Enhancement Associated with Interplanetary Electric Fields. Journal of Geophysical Research , 109, A08302. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010342
Abdu, M.A. (1997) Major Phenomena of the Equatorial Ionosphere-Thermosphere System under Disturbed Conditions. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar - Terrestrial Physics , 59, 1505-1519. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(96)00152-6
Cander, L.R. and Mihajlovic, S.J. (2005) Ionospheric Spatial and Temporal Variations during the 29-31 October 2003 Storm. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar - Terrestrial Physics , 67, 1118-1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.02.020