Petrochemical Characterization of Two Distinct Types of Dolerites from Bafoussam Area, West Cameroon — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Petrochemical Characterization of Two Distinct Types of Dolerites from Bafoussam Area, West Cameroon
1Department of Geology, HTTC, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon 2Laboratory of Petrology and Structural Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
,
Department of Geology, HTTC, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
,
Laboratory of Petrology and Structural Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
,
Laboratory of Petrology and Structural Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
,
Economic Geology Unit, Department of Geology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
1 1Department of Geology, HTTC, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon 2Laboratory of Petrology and Structural Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
2 Department of Geology, HTTC, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
3 Laboratory of Petrology and Structural Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
4 Laboratory of Petrology and Structural Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
5 Economic Geology Unit, Department of Geology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
Two petrochemical types of doleritic dykes have been distinguished in Bafoussam area: 1 ) the olivine-bearing dolerites which are the most representative are dark green, showing characteristics of alkaline basalts and, 2 ) the calcite-bearing dolerite s are grayish green, showing characteristics of tholeiitic basalts. The studied dolerites are less differentiated (1 < FeO t /MgO < 2); they present the evolution of a subalkaline magma following a calc-alkaline series (alkaline dolerites) and the tholeiitic series (tholeitiic dolerite). The chondrite normalized multielement spider diagrams of all the dolerites show a pronounced depletion in Ba, Th, and enrichment in Rb. Their geotectonic context is inferred to be intraplate and the contrast between the two types is probably due to a diverse source: crustal source for calcite-bearing dolerites and mantle source for olivine-bearing dolerites.
J. G. Fitton, “Active versus Rifting: Evidence from the West African System,” Tectonophysics, Vol. 94, No. 1-4, 1983, pp. 473-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(83)90030-6
E. Njonfang, “Contribution à L’étude de la Relation entre la ‘Ligne du Cameroun’ et la Direction de l’Adamawa: 1-Pétrologie, Géochimie et Structure des Granitoides Panafricains de la Zone de Cisaillement Foumban-Bankim (Ouest-Cameroun et Adamawa). 2-Pétrologie et Géochimie des Formations Magmatiques Tertiaires Associées,” Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, 1998, p. 379.
C. Moreau, T. M. Regnoult, B. Déruelle and B. Robineau, “A New Tectonic Model for Cameroon Line, Central Africa,” Tectonophysics, Vol. 139, 1987, pp. 317-334.
R. Guiraud, R. M. Binks, C. S. Fairhe Szabo, J. D. Fairhead and M. Wilson, “Chronology and Geodynamic Setting of Cretaceous-Cenozoic Rifting in West and Central Africa,” Tectonophysics, Vol. 213, No. 1-2, 1992, pp. 227-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90260-D
E. L. Tanko Njiosseu, J. P. Nzenti, T. Njanko, B. Kapajika and A. Nédelec, “New U-Pb Zircon Ages from Tonga (Cameroon): Coexisting Eburnean-Transamazonian (2.1 Ga) and Pan-African (0.6 Ga) Imprints,” Comptes Rendus Géosciences, Vol. 337, No. 16, 2005, pp. 551-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2005.02.005
J. P. Nzenti, E. L. Tanko Njiosseu and A. Nzina Nchare, “The Metamorphic Evolution of the Palaeoproterozoic High Grade Banyo Gneisses (Adamawa, Cameroon, Central Africa),” Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2007, pp. 95-109.
M. L. Djouka-Fonkwe, B. Schulz, J. P. Tchouankoué and C. Nzolang, “Geochemistry of the Bafoussam Pan-African I- and S-type Granitoids in Western Cameroon,” Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 50, No. 2-3, 2008, pp. 148-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2007.09.015
J. P. Vicat, A. Pouclet and E. Nsifa, “Les Dolérites du Groupe du Ntem (Sud Cameroun) et des Régions Voisines (Centrafrique, Gabon, Congo, Bas Zaire): Caractéristiques Géochimiques et Place dans L’évolution du Craton du Congo au Protérozoique,” In: J. P. Vicat and P. Bilong, Eds., Géologie et Environnements au Cameroun, Collection GEOCAM, 1998, pp. 305-324.
J. P. Vicat, A. Moloto, G. R. Kenguemba and A. Pouclet, “Les Granitoides de la Couverture Protérozoique de la Bordure nord du Craton du Congo (sud-est du Cameroun et Sud-Ouest de la République Centrafricaine), Témoins d’une Activité Magmatique Post-Kibarienne à Pré-Panafricaine,” Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, Vol. 332, No. 4, 2001, pp. 235-242.
J. P. Tchouankoue, N. A. Simeni Wambo, A. Kagou Dongmo and G. Worner, “Petrology, Geochemistry, and Geodynamic Implications of Basaltic Dyke Swarms from the Southern Continental Part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, Central Africa,” The Open Geology Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2012, pp. 72-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874262901206010072
J. G. Fitton, “The Cameroon Line-West Africa: A Comparison between Oceanic and Continental Alkaline Volcanism,” Geology Society, Special Publication, Vol. 30, 1987, pp. 273-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.13
D. C. Lee, A. N. Halliday, J. G. Fitton and G. Poli, “Isotopic Variation with Distance and Time in the Volcanic Islands of the Cameroon Line: Evidence for a Mantle Plume Origin,” Earth Planetary Science Letter, Vol. 123, 1994, pp. 119-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)90262-3
B. Déruelle, C. Moreau, C. Nkoumbou, R. Kambou, J. Lissom, E. Njonfang, R. T. Ghogomu and A. Nono, “The Cameroon Line: A Review,” In: A. B. Kampuru and R. T. Lubala, Eds., Magmatism in Extensional Structural Settings, The Phanerozoic African Plate, Springer, Berlin, 1991, pp. 274-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73966-8_12
B. Déruelle, I. Ngounouno and D. Demaiffe, “The Cameroon Hot Line (CHL): A Unique Example of Active Alkaline Intraplate Structure in Both Oceanic and Continental Lithospheres,” Comptes Rendus Geosciences, Vol. 339, No. 9, 2007, pp. 589-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.07.007
C. E. Suh, R. S. J. Sparks, J. G. Fitton, S. N. Ayonghe, C. Annen, R. Nana and A. Luckman, “The 1999 and 2000 Eruptions of Mount Cameroon: Eruption Behaviour and Petrochemistry of Lava,” Bulletin of Volcanology, Vol. 65, No. 4, 2003, pp. 267-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-002-0257-7
J. P. Nzenti, V. Ngako, R. Kambou, J. Penaye, J. Bassahak and O. U. Njel, “Structures Régionales de la Chaine Panafricaine du Nord-Cameroun,” Comptes Rendus de L’académie des Sciences, Paris, Vol. 315, No. 2, 1992, pp. 209-215.
J. P. Nzenti, P. Barbey, J. M. Bertrand and J. Macaudière, “La Chaine Panafricaine au Cameroun: Cherchons Suture et Modèle!” 15th Edition, Réunion des Sciences de la Terre, Nancy, 1994.
J. P. Nzenti, Njanko, E. L. T. Tanko Njiosseu, F. M. Tchoua, “Les Domaines Granulitiques de la Chaine Panafricaine Nord-Equatoriale au Cameroun,” In: J. P. Vicat and P. Bilong, Eds., Géologie et Environnements au Cameroun, Collection GEOCAM I, 1998, pp. 255-264.
V. Ngako, “Les Déformations Continentales Panafricaines en Afrique Centrale: Résultat d’un Poinconnement de Type Himalayen,” Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, 1999, p. 301.
V. Ngako, P. Affaton, J. M. Nnange and T. Njanko, “Pan-African Tectonic Evolution in Central and Southern Cameroon: Transpression and Transtension during Sinistral Shear Movements,” Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2003, pp. 207-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(03)00023-X
C. Nzolang, H. Kagami, J. P. Nzenti and F. Holtz, “Geochemistry and Preliminary Sr-Nd Isotopic Data on the Neoproterozoic Granotoids from the Bantoum Area, West Cameroon: Evidence for a Derivation from a Paleoproterozoic to Archean Crust,” Polar Geosciences, Vol. 16, 2003, pp. 196-226.
S. F. Toteu, J. Penaye and Y. P. Djomani, “Geodynamic Evolution of the Pan-African Belt in Central Africa with Special Reference to Cameroon,” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2004, pp. 73-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-079
T. Ngnotue, S. Ganno, J. P. Nzenti, B. Schulz, D. Tchaptchet Tchato and E. Suh Cheo, “Geochemistry and Geochronology of Peraluminous High-K Granitic Leucosomes of Yaoundé Series (Cameroon): Evidence for a unique Pan-African Magmatism and Melting Event in North Equatorial Fold Belt,” International Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2012, pp. 525-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2012.33055
G. D. Kouankap Nono, J. P. Nzenti, C. E. Suh and S. Ganno, “Geochemistry of Ferriferous, High-K Calc-Alkaline Granitoids from Banefo-Mvoutsaha Massif (NE Bafoussam), Central Domain of the Pan-African Fold Belt, Cameroon,” The Open Geology Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2010, pp. 15-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874262901004010015
M. J. Le Bas, R. W. Le Maitre, A. Streckeisen and B. Zanettin, “A Chemical Classification of Volcanic Rocks Based on the Total Alkali-Silica Diagram,” Journal of Petrology, Vol. 27, No. 3, 1986, pp. 745-750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.3.745
J. A. Pearce, “A User’s Guide to Basalt Discrimination Diagrams,” In: D. A. Wyman, Ed., Trace Elements Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks: Applications for Massive sulphide Exploration, Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes 12, 1996, pp. 79-113.
T. M. Irvine and W. R. Baragar, “A Guide to the Chemical Classification of Common Volcanic Rocks,” Canadian Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 8, No. 5, 1971, pp. 523-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e71-055
N. M. Evensen, M. J. Hamilton and R. J. O’Nions, “Rare Earth Abundances in Chondritic Meteorites,” Geochemical and Cosmochemical Acta, Vol. 42, 1978, pp. 1199-1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90114-X
B. W. D. Yardley, “Metal Concentrations in Crustal Fluids and Their Relationship to Ore Formation,” Economic Geology, Vol. 100, No. 4, 2005, pp. 613-632.
E. Jagoutz, H. Palme, H. Baddenhaussen, K. Blum, M. Cendales, G. Dreibus, B. Spohel, V. Lorenz and H. Wanke, “The Abundances of Major, Minor and Traces Elements in the Earth’s Mantle as Derived from Primitive Ultramafic Nodules,” Lunar and Planetary Science Conference No. 10, Geochemical Acta, Suppl. 11, 1979, pp. 2031-2050.
A. Zindler and S. R. Hart, “Chemical Geodynamics,” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 14, 1986, pp. 493-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.002425
J. Mata, R. Kerrich, N. D. MacRae and T. W. Wu, “Elemental and Isotopic (Sr, Nd and Pb) Characteristics of Madeira Island Basalts; Evidence for a Composite HIMUEM1 Plume Fertilizing Lithosphere,” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 35, 1998, pp. 980-997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e98-046
M. Meschede, “A Method of Discrimination between Different Types of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts and Continental Tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y Diagram,” Chemical Geology, Vol. 56, No. 3-4, 1986, pp. 207-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90004-5
J. A. Pearce and M. J. Norry, “Petrogenetic Implications of Ti, Zr, Y and Nb Variations in Volcanic Rocks,” Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 69, No. 1, 1979, pp. 33-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375192