Effects of Vegetation Cover and Land Use Changes on Soil Erosion in Kalaya Watershed (North Western Morocco) — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Effects of Vegetation Cover and Land Use Changes on Soil Erosion in Kalaya Watershed (North Western Morocco)
Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morrocco
,
Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morrocco
,
Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morrocco
,
Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morrocco
,
Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morrocco
,
Unit of Environmental Research and Conservation of Natural Resources, Laboratory of Mapping, GIS and Remote Sensing, Regional Centre of Agricultural Research, INRA, Rabat, Morrocco
1 Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morrocco
2 Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morrocco
3 Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morrocco
4 Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morrocco
5 Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morrocco
6 Unit of Environmental Research and Conservation of Natural Resources, Laboratory of Mapping, GIS and Remote Sensing, Regional Centre of Agricultural Research, INRA, Rabat, Morrocco
Vegetation cover degradation is still a very common problem in many parts of Morocco; moreover, it affects straight up the amount of the annual soil loss rate. The analytical approach used in this study, respectively, includes remote sensing techniques, application of USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) and overlay analysis in a raster Geographic Information System (GIS) environment, employing available information on the region covering the Kalaya catchment. Thus, this procedure allowed the calculation of the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), the execution of two types of classification (unsupervised and supervised) for 1999 and 2010 imagery and eventually the prediction of soil erosion risk in the watershed in question. The main outcome was the production of multidate vegetation cover maps, land use maps and soil loss risk maps. The overlay of two maps allowed us to highlight the changes occurred in this area, which evidence the high anthropogenic impact on the dynamics of land use and vegetation cover. The results suggest that the outputs of this study can be used for predicting rate of soil loss, which varied from 31.68 t · ha -1 · yr -1 in 1999 to 34.74 t · ha -1 · yr -1 in 2010.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (1997) State of the World’s Forests. Forestry Department, Words and Publications Eds, Oxford, UK. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w4345e/w4345e00.HTM
Food and Agriculture Organization/United Nations Environmental Programmed (FAO/UNEP) (1999) Terminology for Integrated Resources Planning and Management. In: Choudhury, K. and Jansen, L. J.M., Eds. https://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landglos.pdf
Floras, S. and Sgouras, L.D. (1999) Use of Geoinformation Techniques in Identifying and Mapping Areas of Erosion in a Hilly Landscape of Central Greece. International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation, 1, 68-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0303-2434(99)85030-2
Agrell, P.J., Stam, A. and Fischer, G.W. (2004) Interactive Multiobjective Agro-Ecological Land Use Planning: The Bungoma Region in Kenya. European Journal of Operational Research, 158, 194-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00355-2
Alemayehua, F., Tahaa, N., Nyssenc, J., Girmaa, A., Zenebea, A., Behailua, M., Deckersd, S. and Poesen, J. (2009) The Impacts of Watershed Management on Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics in Eastern Tigray. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53, 192-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.11.007
Rey, F., Ballais, J. L., Marre, A. and Rovéra, G. (2004) Role of Vegetation in Protecting against Surface Water Erosion [R?le de la végétation dans la protection contre l’érosion hydrique de surface]. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 336, 991-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2004.03.012
Blavet, D., De Noni, G., Le Bissonnais, Y., Leonard, M., Maillo, L., Laurent, J.Y., Asseline, J., Leprun, J.C., Arshad, M.A. and Roose, E. (2009) Effect of Land Use and Management on the Early Stages of Soil Water. Soil & Tillage Research, 106, 124-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.04.010
De Noni, G., Laurent, J. and Ambert, E. (2002) The Study of Erosion and Erosion Control in Morocco Guided through a Partial Bibliographic Review [L’étude de l’érosion et de la lutte antiérosive au Maroc commentée au moyen d’une revue bibliographique partielle]. Erosion Network Bulletin, 21, 448-469. http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010031044
De Ploey, J., Imeson, A. and Oldeman, L.R. (1991) Soil Erosion, Soil Degradation and Climatic Change. In: Brouwer F.M., Thomas A.J. and Chadwick, M.J., Eds., Land Use Changes in Europe, Volume 18 of the Series The GeoJournal Library, 275-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3290-9_12
Elyousfi, SM. and M’Hirit, O. (1998) Conservation and Use of Moroccan Forest Genetic Resources: Provenance Regions [La conservation et l’utilisation des ressources génétiques forestières marocaines: Les régions de provenances]. In: Bani-Aameur, F., Ed., Argan and Plants in Arid and Semi-Arid. International Symposium on Plant Resources [L’arganier et les plantes des zones arides et semi-arides. Colloque international sur les ressources végétales], 23-25 April 1998, Agadir, 8, 11.
Dagan, R., Boughlala, M., Mrabet, R., Laamari, A., Balaghi, R. and Lajouad, L. (2012) A Review of Available Knowledge on Land Degradation in Morocco. International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). http://www.icarda.org/publication/working-papers
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (1977) Assessing Soil Degradation. FAO Soil Bulletin, 34, 83 p. http://www.fao.org/3/a-ar114e.pdf
FAO (1990) Soil and Water Conservation in Semi-Arid Areas [Conservation des sols et des eaux dans les zones semi-arides]. Fao Soils Bulletin, 57, 182 p. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers15-05/39357.pdf
Xin, X.Y., Xue, X.Z., Jian, L.L., Man, L.Z. and Yuan, Y.X. (2006) Effects of Vegetation Cover and Precipitation on the Process of Sediment Produced by Erosion in a Small Watershed of Loess Region. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2032(06)60001-2
Erencin, Z. (2000) C-Factor Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS. A Case Study of Lom Sak Lom Kao, Thailand. International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC), Enschede/Holland, Justus-Liebig-Universit?t Giessen, 28 p.
Berken, U. (2008) Soil Erosion Modelling by Using GIS and Remote Sensing: A Case Study. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. XXXVII, Part B7, 1681-1684.
Rajitha, K., Mukherjee, C.K. and Vinu Chandran, R. (2007) Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS for Sustainable Management of Shrimp Culture in India. Aquacultural Engineering, 36, 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2006.05.003
Baja, S., Ramli, M. and Lias, S.A. (2009) Spatial-Based Assessment of Land Use, Soil Erosion, and Water Protection in the Jeneberang Valley, Indonesia. Biologia, 64, 522-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-009-0074-y
Khali Issa, L., Raissouni, A., El Arrim, A. and Moussadek, R. (2014) Mapping and Assessment of Water Erosion in the Khmiss Watershed (North Western Rif, Morocco). Journal of Current Advances in Environmental Sciences, 2, 119-130.
Wischme?er, W.H. (1958) Rainfall Energy and Its Re1ationship to Soi1 Loss. American Geophysical Union, 39, 285-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/TR039i002p00285
Wischmeier, W.H. (1959) A Rainfall Erosion Index for a Universal Soil-Loss Equation. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 23, 246-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1959.03615995002300030027x
Wischmeier, W.H. and Smith, D.D. (1960) A Universal Soil Loss Estimation Equation to Guide Conservation Farm Planning. 7th Inter. Cong. Soil Sci, Vol. 1, Madison, 418-425.
Wischmeier, W.H. and Smith, D.D. (1965) Prediction Rainfall Erosion Losses from Cropland East of the Rocky Mountains: A Guide for Selection of Practices for Soil and Water Conservation. Agricultural Handbook, No. 282, 47 p.
Wischmeier, W.H. and Smith, D.D. (1978) Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning. Agricultural Handbook, No. 537, 58 p. http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT79706928/PDF
Alexandridis, T.K., Sotiropoulou, A.M., Bilas, G., Karapetsas, N. and Silleos, N.G. (2013) The Effects of Seasonality in Estimating the C-Factor of Soil Erosion Studies. Land Degradation and Development, 26, 596-603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2223
Menashe, E. (2006) Vegetation and Erosion. Greenbelt Consulting. Environmental Education Assessment & Management. http://www.wnps.org/landscaping/documents/slope_stabilizing_plants.pdf
Zhou, P., Luukkanen, O., Tokola, T. and Nieminen, J. (2008) Effect of Vegetation Cover on Soil Erosion in a Mountainous Watershed. Catena, 75, 319-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.07.010
Raissouni, A. (2012) Modeling and Mapping of Sensitivity and Soil Erosion Risk at Regional Scale by GIS and USLE (North Western Rif, Morocco) [Modélisation et cartographie de la sensibilité et de l’aléa d’érosion des sols à l’échelle régionale par SIG et USLE (Rif Nord occidental, Maroc)]. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Morocco.
Khali Issa, L., Raissouni, A., El Arrim, A. and Moussadek, R. (2014) Application of SIG-USLE Approach for Mapping and Modeling Soil Loss Bni Hlou watershed (Western North of Morocco) [Application d’une approche SIG-USLE pour la cartographie et la modélisation des pertes de sol au niveau du bassin versant de l’oued Bni Hlou (Nord Ouest du Maroc)]. ScienceLib, 6, No. 140601.
Renard, K.G., Foster, G.R., Weesies, G.A., McCool, D.K. and Yoder, D.C. (1997) Predicting Soil Erosion by Water: A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). USDA-Agriculture Handbook, No. 703.
El Haddad, M. (1993) Studying and Mapping Land Cover of BV Tleta: Using SPOT HRV Data, Aerial Photography and GIS [Etude et cartographie du couvert végétal du B.V. de Tleta: Utilisation des données SPOT HRV, des photographies aériennes et d’un S.I.G.]. 3rd Cycle, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II.
Hammouda, N. (2010) Evolution of Land Use and Erosion in the Watershed Tleta (Morocco Rif Occidental-) [Evolution de l’occupation des sols et de l’érosion dans le bassin versant Tleta (Rif Occidental-Maroc)]. 3rd Cycle, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II.